Definition and Examples of You Understood in English

In English grammar, you understood is the implied subject in most imperative sentences in the language. In other words, in sentences that convey requests and commands, the subject is almost always the personal pronoun you, even though its often not expressed. Examples and Observations In the examples below,  you understood  is indicated by square brackets:  []. As soon as she was on the sidewalk Mick caught her by the arm. You go right home, Baby Wilson. [] Go on, now!(Carson McCullers, The Heart is a Lonely Hunter. Houghton Mifflin, 1940)I dont care if shes a murderer! [] Leave her alone! [] Get out of here and [] leave her alone! All of you! [] Get out of here!(Bethany Wiggins, Shifting. Bloomsbury, 2011)Youre not from around here, I say.[] Leave me alone.Youre from somewhere else. From EuropeYoure disturbing me. Id appreciate it if you would stop pestering me.(Elie Wiesel, Legends of Our Time. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1968)Mrs. Bloxby sighed. Would you please leave, Mrs. Benson, and in future, would you telephone first? I am very busy. Please [] shut the door on your way out.Well, I never!Then its time you did. Goodbye!(M.C. Beaton [Marion Chesney], As the Pig Turns. St. Martins Press, 2011) You-Understood in Transformational Grammar Imperative sentences differ from others in that they lack subject noun phrases: Be quiet!Stand up!Go to your room!Do not smoke! Traditional grammar accounts for such sentences by claiming that the subject is you understood. Transformational analysis supports this position: The evidence for you as the subject of imperative sentences involves the derivation of reflexives. In reflexive sentences, the reflexive NP must be identical with the subject NP: Bob shaved Bob.Mary dressed Mary.Bob and Mary hurt Bob and Mary. The reflexive transformation substitutes the appropriate reflexive pronoun for the repeated noun phrase: Bob shaved himself.Mary dressed herself.Bob and Mary hurt themselves. Let us look at the reflexive pronoun that appears in imperative sentences: Shave yourself!Dress yourself! Any reflexive pronoun other than yourself results in an ungrammatical sentence: *Shave himself!*Dress herself! This fact provides evidence for the existence of you as the deep structure subject of imperative sentences. You is deleted by means of the imperative transformation, which is triggered by the Imp marker. (Diane Bornstein, An Introduction to Transformational Grammar. University Press of America, 1984) Implied Subjects and Tag Questions Some imperatives appear to have a third person subject as in the following: Somebody, strike a light! (AUS#47:24) Even in a sentence like this one, though, there is an understood second person subject; in other words, the implied subject is somebody among you all out there. Again, this becomes clearer when we tack on a question tag--suddenly the second person subject pronoun surfaces: Somebody, strike a light, will you? (AUS#47:24) In an example like this, it is quite clear that we are not dealing with a declarative, since the verb form would then be different: somebody strikes a light. (Kersti Bà ¶rjars and Kate Burridge, Introducing English Grammar, 2nd ed. Hodder, 2010) Pragmatics: Alternatives to the Plain Imperative If we have the feeling that a direct speech act might be perceived as a face threat by the hearer, there is quite a range of implicit directives, which are indirect speech acts . . . from which we might select something appropriate and less threatening to the others face. (28a) Shut the door.(28b) Can you shut the door, please?(28c) Will you shut the door, please?(28d) Would/could you please shut the door?(28e) Lets shut the door, shall we?(28f) Theres a draught in here. . . . [I]n Anglo culture there are scripts blocking the imperative (28a) and prescribing the interrogative (28 b, c, d). Though it may be perfectly acceptable among friends, the use of the imperative in (28a) is not appropriate when the speaker and hearer do not know each other well or when the hearer is of a higher social status or has power over the speaker. The use of the imperative as in Shut the door has the strongest impact on the hearer, but it is normally not used. (Renà © Dirven and Marjolijn Verspoor, Cognitive Exploration of Language and Linguistics, 2nd ed. John Benjamins, 2004)

Symptoms And Symptoms Of Anxiety And Depression Essay

Anxiety and depression are treatable, but 80% of kids with a diagnosable anxiety disorder and 60% of kids with diagnosable depression are not getting treatment, according to the 2015 Child Mind Institute Children’s Mental Health Report (Children and Teens. (2010). Many children have anxiety and it does not need to be treated, while there are some children that have severe anxiety over almost anything and needs to be managed by medication. Some children when they are younger may experience social anxiety, this I have dealt with first hand from my daughter. Most children will grow out of this phase as they become older and are more social with people. Children who suffer from an anxiety disorder experience fear, nervousness, and shyness, and they start to avoid places and activities (Children and Teens. (2010). Anxiety disorders affect one in eight children. Research shows that untreated children with anxiety disorders are at a higher risk to perform poorly in school, miss out on important social experiences, and engage in substance abuse (Children and Teens. (2010). If children are performing poorly in school due to not being treated properly this could lead to them having to repeat school. In turn this can affect things at home for the child as well as the parents since they are having to pay more in school costs. Being in the medical field I see children with anxiety almost on a daily basis and often they are battling more than anxiety. Often time children that have anxietyShow MoreRelatedSymptoms And Symptoms Of Adhd, Depression, And Anxiety1311 Words   |  6 PagesDiscussion This study examined whether SCT symptoms are significantly associated with poor study skills and EF deficits in college students over and above demographics and symptoms of ADHD, depression, and anxiety. This study also examined whether deficits in EF mediate the association between symptoms of SCT and poor study skills over and above demographics and symptoms of ADHD, depression, and anxiety. The current study adds to extant research regarding SCT in a number of ways. This is the firstRead MoreAnxiety Depression : Symptoms And Symptoms Essay3983 Words   |  16 PagesDepression usually exists in a person when he/she gets stressed out of his/her work. This happens due to the brain activity stoppage while working and a need for a complete relaxation of the brain for some time arises. Anxiety Depression is found in a person who has all sorts of irregularities and erratic behavior due to over stress of his work. If one is suffering from anxiety depression, he needs to go and meet the psychiatrist as soon as he can, otherwise he would be the one to suffer the mostRead MoreAnxiety And Symptoms Of Depression1244 Words   |  5 Pagesthinking positively about the future can lead to further thoughts and actions of depression. Depression can result from this because indulging into thinking positively gives someone a sense of energy and often reduced success. The study was done over a period of 7 months on adults and schoolchildren. For college students, low academic success intermediated the relation between positive fantasies and symptoms of depression as seen through studies 1-4. 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(i.e. the role of childhood maltreatment in eating disorders? The effect of exercise on stress levels?) The authors of this study are interested in how decreased emotional regulation is related to hostility and anger, which in turn can lead to symptoms of depression, GAD or social anxiety. 3. What backgroundRead MoreThe Effects Of Psychoeducational Group Therapy On Symptoms Of Ptsd, Anxiety And Depression Among Incarcerated Women3447 Words   |  14 PagesThe Effects of Psychoeducational Group Therapy on Symptoms of PTSD, Anxiety and Depression Among Incarcerated Women Christa N. Walters University of Arkansas The Effects of Psychoeducational Group Therapy on Symptoms of PTSD, Anxiety and Depression Among Incarcerated Women Introduction The number of incarcerated women has increased significantly, increasing at a rate double to the rate of male incarceration since 1980 (Covington Bloom, 2006). Braithwaite, Treadwell and Arriola noteRead MoreThe Relationship Between Anxiety And Depression1433 Words   |  6 Pagesdepressive, insomnia, and generalized anxiety symptoms. The measures (ISI=0.87, EPDS=0.85, PSWQ=0.95) all scored above the clinical threshold. All three measures were also correlated in each group and in the total sample. Studies suggested that the relationship between depression symptoms and insomnia symptoms was influenced by generalized anxiety disorder in pregnant women. Symptoms of depression were present in 75% of the women and 61% had generalized anxiety disorder. Therefore the study suggestedRead MoreThe Issue Of Legalization Of Marijuana886 Words   |  4 Pagessuppress the symptoms of depression and anxiety? Research shows us many different ways that medical marijuana helps people who struggle with depression and anxiety. For depression, it suppresses their symptoms. It also lifts their moods. For anxiety it helps push away the worriness and the stress of things they cannot control. Many people are diagnosed with depression. It is not uncommon. In fact, about fifteen million Americans older than the age of eighteen struggle with depression. (Anxiety and DepressionRead MoreThe Dass-21 Had A Good Internal Consistency. For Depression,983 Words   |  4 PagesThe DASS-21 had a good internal consistency. For depression, anxiety and stress subscales, Cronbach’s alpha values were 0.94, 0.87 and 0.91; respectively (Antony et al., 1998). In our study, we utilized the Malaysian version of the DASS-21, which was translated and validated by Musa et al., 2007 and showed a good internal consistency; i.e., Cronbach’s alpha for depression subscale = 0.84, for anxiety subscale = 0.74 and for stress subscale = 0.79 (Musa et al., 2007). Statistical Analysis AllRead MoreA Psychology Participant Pool Questionnaire1006 Words   |  5 Pageswith elevated depression were pulled from the questionnaire. Among the 100 participants, there was 45% male and 55% female with the average age being around 19. The college undergraduates ranged from freshman to seniors with, 67% freshman, 20% Sophomores, 10% Juniors, and 3% Seniors. Among the college students, the majority were African-American at 85%, Asian 10%, and the rest 5%. If you notice the majority totals for the subcategories of the population, there was an elevated depression between African

Imagery in Macbeth by William Shakespeare - 1172 Words

Imagery in Macbeth William Shakespeare use of imagery creates a picture in the mind of his audiences that tells a thousand words. In most of his literary work, he shows the importance of imagery, and how authors can manipulate a readers feelings towards a character. In Macbeth, one of Shakespeare’s greatest plays, he shows his very skillfully uses imagery. Macbeth is one of the great tragedy themed plays by William Shakespeare. It’s about three witches that decide to manipulate a Scottish general called Macbeth when he returns from a war. The Scottish king, Duncan, honors Macbeth with the title Thane of Cawdor for his heroic. Macbeth and his friend Banquo meet the witches. They predict that he will one day become king. So he decides that he will murder King Duncan. Macbeths wife agrees to his plan, and so his ambition builds. In The play Macbeth written by William Shakespeare, his use of imagery is display through symbolism of light and darkness, Macbeth ill-fitting gar ments and the images of blood. In many of Shakespeares works, readers are introduced to the idea of light and dark. Often these two are symbols of good and evil. Shakespeare use of the theme light vs. darkness is used to show a conflict between two opposing sides. To begin Darkness shows up more throughout the play. An example of this is the witches that cause chaos and confusion to other characters. As critic Spurgeon states â€Å"the witches are secret, black and midnight hags† (Spurgeon 112). The witchesShow MoreRelatedImagery in Macbeth by William Shakespeare702 Words   |  3 PagesImagery in Macbeth The tragedy of Macbeth is a compelling story by William Shakespeare about the fall of a once noble man who becomes a tragic hero. The story of Macbeth is about a man who let his desires result in him becoming an evil man. Shakespeare uses many forms of writing to portray his story; one main technique used is imagery. Imagery is used consistently throughout Macbeth to help the reader thoroughly understand the theme of the play. Many forms of imagery are used, however, theRead MoreThe Imagery Of Macbeth By William Shakespeare980 Words   |  4 PagesThe imagery of Macbeth institutes a dark, evil aura that surrounds nearly every aspect of the play. Images of evil beings, murder, as well as the natural and supernatural help to set this sinister mood throughout the play. The three witches are a dominant source of evil in Macbeth. They are the first characters introduced, emphasizing their significance in the play as well as their aura of darkness. Their first meeting takes place in thunder and lightening, a dark, chaotic, and dangerous environmentRead MoreImagery in Macbeth by William Shakespeare Essay example532 Words   |  3 PagesImagery is a way to amplify theme in Macbeth by William Shakespeare. It portrays many different themes in the play. Imagery is used in many different ways, such as blood, animals and, light and dark. Blood plays a significant role in this play and there is a lot of blood being shed, giving us a sense of horror and guilt. Macbeth makes his first kill after killing Duncan and he is freaking out about the blood on his hands. â€Å" Will all great Neptune’s ocean wash this blood Clean from my hand? No: thisRead MoreImagery of Blood, Light and Clothing in Macbeth by William Shakespeare540 Words   |  3 PagesImagery of Blood, Light and Clothing in Macbeth by William Shakespeare Imagery, the art of making images, the product of imagination (Merriam- Webster). Shakespeare uses many forms of imagery in his writing of Macbeth. Three main forms of imagery in this play are blood, light and darkness, and clothing. Within each form of this imagery Shakespeare incorporates symbols that the reader must understand if they are to interpret either the passage or the play as a whole. In Macbeth blood symbolizesRead MoreTheme Of Blood Imagery In Macbeth872 Words   |  4 Pages MACBETH’S FALL INTO EVIL Shakespeare uses imagery to show Macbeth’s fall into evil. Darkness is invariably associated with evil and to a certain extent deception. William Shakespeare employs the imagery of darkness throughout his play of Macbeth. He uses dark images often to describe instruments of disorder and the evils which characters portray. Macbeth is a tragedy that was written by Shakespeare in the Elizabethan Era. In Elizabethan England night air was said to be impure and rheumy and itRead MoreTheme Of Animal Imagery In Macbeth925 Words   |  4 PagesShakespeare is unarguably famous for his creative and vivid use of imagery in his acclaimed plays. Animal imagery is one literary device he uses often to develop theme and characterize individuals in his plays. One of his most prominent tragedies, Macbeth, contains many examples of animal imagery, most of which characterizes Macbeth himself. Animal imagery at the beginning of the tragedy, such as the comparison of Macbeth to an eagle and a lion, characterize him as loyal, brave, and honorable. AsRead MoreTaking a Look at Shakespeares Imagery Essay1012 Words   |  5 Pageswritings. Three of his most famous major works are Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth, and Hamlet. They are timeless and classics. It is even a question as to why they have lasted to this day. It is most likely because of Shakespeare’s popularity, imagery, and writing style. Shakespeare was wildly popular during the Elizabethan era. He, unlike like many authors during this time, was actually famous while he was alive. While Shakespeare was regarded as the foremost dramatist of his time, evidence indicatesRead MoreEssay on Images, Imagery, Symbols, and Symbolism in Macbeth1723 Words   |  7 PagesImagery and Symbolism in Macbeth  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   With its eye-opening plot and interesting cast of characters, William Shakespeare’s play, Macbeth is one of the greatest works one could ever read. But, above all, the aspect of the play is most impressive and overwhelming with imagery and symbolism that Shakespeare so brilliantly uses. Throughout the play, the author depicts various types of imagery and symbolism instances that, eventually, lead to the downfall of the main character, Macbeth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Read MoreEssay on Images and Imagery in Macbeth939 Words   |  4 PagesImagery in Macbeth      Ã‚  Ã‚   Darkness, disorder, mayhem, fear, guilt, and hypocrisy are all important themes carried throughout William Shakespeares Macbeth by the effective use of imagery in reference to ill-fitting clothing, blood, and light verses dark. Imagery in this play tiptoes its way though every scene to create a malevolent atmosphere of shame and false pretenses.    The contrast between light and dark during Macbeth clearly relates to the conflict between good andRead More Images, Imagery, Symbols, and Symbolism in Macbeth Essay610 Words   |  3 PagesImagery and Symbolism in Macbeth   Ã‚  Ã‚   In Macbeth, William Shakespeare uses extensive imagery and symbolism throughout the course of his play.   Shakespeare uses this imagery and symbolism so that the reader may gain a deeper understanding and feeling for the happenings of this tragedy.   This is further demonstrated by Shakespeares use of darkness in Macbeth.   As one of the more noticeable and important symbols, darkness represents many different elements in the play.   First and foremost

The Philosophy Of The Religion Of Buddhism - 2001 Words

Religion essay In many religions they are similar principles and philosophy that we live by. The philosophy of the religion of Buddhism, is to live is to suffer. Often people ask what is the meaning of life? and different religions find a way to interpret the answer to this question in their own way. For example, the Christianity religion often answers this questions by saying that we are here on earth to help those in need and to do Gods will. Others questions may be how can I live my life, so that I would be free of suffering? and this is where the Buddhism religion comes in. As part of this religion, the Buddhas find a way to stop or lessen the suffering of one, by following very simple laws, principles, or simply by following suggestions. However, it is not mandatory to follow these alternatives, therefore if you wish to not follow them, then you don t have too although its would be in your benefit too. To live is to suffer in a Buddhist point of view is the idea of the inevit able suffering, that no matter who you are, in your life you will experience suffering. Suffering is depicted in the religion itself by the origins of their founder Siddhartha Gautama, through their principles, and lastly through any other general aspects of the religion of Buddhism. Firstly, what does the term Buddha really mean? A man once asked the Buddha Not who are you but what are you and the Buddha answer, I am awake meaning that he is awake, aware of everything (insight). TheShow MoreRelatedIs Buddhism A Philosophy Or A Religion?932 Words   |  4 Pages Is Buddhism a Philosophy Or a Religion? Joe Gilmore Mr. Porter 4-17-16 Buddhist teachings consist of teaching others how to end suffering in their own lives. Buddha teaches that if you follow an eightfold path, then you are moving toward reaching nirvana. This is the end of all suffering and the goal of all Buddhists. Though Buddhism is commonly labeled as a religion, it fits the definition of a philosophy rather than a religion. Buddhism’s founder was a man named SiddharthaRead MoreBuddhism : The Philosophy And Religion1426 Words   |  6 PagesBuddhism originated 2,500 years ago in India and today – is the prevailing world religion in the East. There are more than 360 million followers of Buddhism, including one million American followers. Buddhism has branched into a diverse selection of forms throughout its long history, however, all methods of Buddhism share an admiration for the teachings of Buddha with the ultimate focus on ending suffering (Religionfacts.com, 2015). In the 6th century BC, Siddhartha or Gautama Buddha was born inRead MoreBuddhism Is A Religion And Philosophy Essay2054 Words   |  9 PagesBuddhism is a religion and philosophy based on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama. It is the oldest and fourth largest religion in the world with around 500 million followers. Buddhism focuses on teaching people how to come to terms with and end the suffering of themselves and others by cutting out greed, hatred, and ignorance from their lives. Unlike most major world religions, Buddhism does not revolve around worshiping a god or divine creator, instead the focus of Buddhism is living one s bestRead MoreBuddhism Is Considered A Religion Or A Philosophy961 Words   |  4 Pageswhether buddhism is considered a religion or a philosophy but I believe that it is both. According to (https://www.google.com/#q=buddhismBuddhism) is a non-theistic religion or philosophy that encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on teachings attributed to the Buddha. Buddhism inhabits several traits that consider it a religion and a philosophy. There is not a clear distinction that defines buddhism as one or the other. Some practices of Buddhism displayRead MoreBuddhism s Philosophy And Religion1910 Words   |  8 PagesBuddhism stands as a philosophy and a religion founding itself on the theory of a possible eternal soul. Until awakeni ng is achieved, this eternal soul is locked in the vicious cycle of rebirth (Samsara). According to the Four Noble Truths preached by the Buddha, life is a perpetual suffering caused by desire and attachment, and freedom from suffering is only possible by practicing the Eightfold Path. The World is suffering in a succession of temptations and negative experiences from birth to deathRead MoreWorld Religion s Project Of Buddhism1003 Words   |  5 PagesWorld Religion’s Project Almost 6 percent of the world s population or 350 million people follow Buddhism. Although among them are varying controversies over whether or not Buddhism is a religion or a followed pathway. Buddhism, founded in the late 6th -century B.C.E , and practices the ideas of varying traditions, spiritual practices, and all beliefs focused on the ideas of Gautama or the Buddha. Gautama valued the beliefs and teachings of The Universal Truths and Four Noble Truths and successfullyRead MoreSimilarities Between Hinduism And Buddhism995 Words   |  4 PagesCompare and Contrast Essay Hinduism and Buddhism There are more than seven billion people living across the world and about 19 major religions with about 270 subgroups. In many states and countries, there are two or more religions that are being practiced by its residents. Hinduism and Buddhism are two of the 19 major religions, that are widely practiced. Hinduism and Buddhism both have common origins, and share similar beliefs. Both Hinduism and Buddhism are religions that focus on the way to live andRead MoreThe Goals of Hinduism and Buddhism Essay1368 Words   |  6 Pages2. Hinduism and Buddhism are traditions that originated from the Vedic sacrifice practice, and they share a common foundation in their view of existence. What are the similarities, and very importantly, the differences in their respective focuses and goals? Also included in this topic: For a time, Buddhism became a dominant tradition in much of India, but then Hinduism rose to become the dominant tradition. There are relatively few Buddhists in India today, e specially in comparison to the numberRead MoreReligious Ideologies And Practices Behind Buddhism843 Words   |  4 Pagesways of life. One particular religion that I did not consider myself well versed with was Buddhism. From my previous encounters with this religion, I had learned that its teachings embody the idea of karma and rebirth. As means to broaden my knowledge and learn more about the religious ideologies and practices behind Buddhism, I spoke with Professor Ann Burlein of the Religion and Philosophy Department. I had originally planned to attend Professor Burlein’s Buddhism in America class, but due toRead MoreBuddhism Is An Indispensable Element Of Chinese And Formation Of Mahayana Buddhism Essay1477 Words   |  6 PagesBuddhism has been the main religion of china for several thousands of years. In fact, Buddhism is an indispensable element of Chinese philosophy and literature. As we all know, Buddhism originated in India and first spread to China around 100BC. Nevertheless, (Mahayana) Buddhism in China separated itself from the mainstream Buddhism and created a new form of Bodhisattva precept instead of following the Indian Vinaya precept. In fact , the distinct Chinese history and culture played significant

Culture as an Important Facet of Society Free Essays

A society without culture is as good as dead. Discuss. A society according to Thomas, L (1995:25) is defined as â€Å"a group of mutually interdependent people who have organized in such a way as to share a common culture and feeling of unity†. We will write a custom essay sample on Culture as an Important Facet of Society or any similar topic only for you Order Now In other ways society consists of people, and culture consists of products that people create. Culture according to Giddens (2005:45) refers to â€Å"the pattern of human activity and the symbols, which give significance to this activity†. Culture is represented through the art, literature, costumes, customs and traditions of a community. Different cultures exist in different parts of the world. The natural environment greatly affects the lifestyle of the people of that region, thus shaping their culture. The diversity in the cultures around the world is also a result of the mindsets of people inhabiting different regions of the world. There are several components of human culture namely; symbols, language, values and beliefs, norms, and technology. Symbols are anything that carries a particular meaning recognized by people who share a culture. The simplest most everyday things are symbols for examples a wave of the hand can be a friendly gesture of hello. However, if not done properly with all the fingers in the upright position it can be a rude gesture and a great sign of disrespect. The honking of a car horn is a symbol to grab someone’s attention to their surroundings. Even something as common as a kiss is a symbol of love and caring. Language is a system of symbols that allows people to communicate with each other. Language can be words or sounds that are spoken or words that are written. For instance some people believe that dogs communicate with each other through barking, this may be their own language. Values are culturally defined standards by which people assess desirability, goodness, and beauty, and that serve as broad guidelines for social living. Beliefs are specific statements that people hold to be true. There are several examples of both that can be found by looking at the Christian religion. The Ten Commandments are a great source. â€Å"You shall have no other gods before me†, for Christians this statement is both a belief and a value. â€Å"Honor you father and mother† is a statement that Christians hold true and also one that they set their standards of living by. The other example of values and beliefs is â€Å"You shall not murder† a statement they stand by and live their lives by. Norms are rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members. One example of a norm is not cheating on a test, we all know this is wrong and should not be done at all cost. Technology is knowledge that people use to make a way of life in their surroundings, which is reflected by material culture an example of this is Plasma TV’s you can simply hang these picture perfect TV’s anywhere on the wall. It is true to say that no society exists without culture because of the following facets that culture brings to society which are as follows: The cultural values of a community give it an identity of its own; a community gains a character and a personality of its own, because of the culture of its people. Culture is shared by the members of a community. It is learned and passed from the older generations to the newer ones. For an effective transfer of culture from one generation to another, it has to be translated into symbols. Language, art and religion serve as the symbolic means of transfer of cultural values between generations. Culture is a bond that ties the people of a region or community together; It is that one common bond, which brings the people of a community together. The customs and traditions that the people of a community follow, the festivals they celebrate, the kind of clothing they wear, the food they eat, and most importantly, the cultural values they adhere to, bind them together. Culture is seen as a system of social control, wherein people shape their standards and behavior; the cultural values form the founding principles of one’s life. They influence one’s principles and philosophies of life. They influence one’s way of living and thus impact social life. Culture is the Treasury of Knowledge; culture provides knowledge, which is essential for the physical and intellectual existence of man. Birds and animals behave instinctively with environment. But man has greater intelligence and learning capacity. With the help of these, he has been able to adapt himself with environment or modify it to suit his convenience. Culture has made such an adaptation and modification possible and easier by providing man the necessary skills and knowledge. Culture preserves knowledge and helps its transmission from generation to generation through its means that is language helps not only the transmission of knowledge but also its preservation, accumulation and diffusion. On the contrary, animals do not have this advantage because culture does not exist at such human level. Culture Defines Situations; culture defines social situations for us. It not only defines but also conditions and determines what we eat and drink, we wear, when to laugh, weep, sleep, love to like friends with, what work we do, what god we worship, what knowledge we rely upon, what poetry we recite and so on. Culture Defines Attitudes, Values and Goods; attitudes refer to the tendency to feel and work out in certain ways. Values are the measure of goodness or desirability. Goods refer to the attainments, which our values define as worthy. It is the culture, which conditions our attitude towards various issues such as religion, morality, marriage, science, family planning, positions and so on. Our values concernsing private etc. are influenced by our culture. Our goals of winning the race, understanding others, attaining salvation, being obedient to elders and teachers, being loyal to husband, being patriotic etc. re all set forth by our culture. We are being socialized on these models. Culture Decides Our Career; whether we should become a politician or a social worker, a doctor, an engineer, a soldier, a farmer, a professor, an industrialist; a religious leader and so on is decided by our culture. What career we are likely to pursue is largely decided by our culture. Culture sets limitat ions on our choice to select different careers. Individuals may develop, modify or oppose the trends of their culture but they always live within its framework. Only a few can find outlet on the culture. Culture Provides Behavior Pattern; Culture directs and confines the behavior of an individual. Culture assigns goals and provides means for achieving them. It rewards noble works and punishes the ignoble ones. It assigns him status. We see dream, aspire, work, strive to marry, enjoy according to the cultural expectation. Culture not only contains but also liberates human energy and activities. Man indeed is a prisoner of his culture. Culture Provides Personality; Culture exercises a great influence on the development of personality. No child can get human qualities in the absence of a cultural environment. Culture prepares man for group life and provides him the design of living. It is the culture that provides opportunities for the development of personality and sets limits on its growth. As Ruth Benedict has pointed out every culture will provide its special type or types of personality. Culture Makes Man a Human Being; It is culture that makes the human, a man, regulates his conduct and prepares him for group life. It provides to him a complete design for living. It teaches him what type of food he should take and in what mariner, how he should over himself and behave with his fellows, how he should speak with the people and how he should co-operate or compete with others. An individual abstained from culture is less than human; he is what we call feral, man. The individual to be truly human must participate in cultural stream without it he would have been forced to find his own way, which would mean a loss of energy in satisfying his elementary needs. Culture Provides Solution for Complicated Situation; culture provides man with a set of behavior even for complicated situation. It has so thoroughly influenced that often he does not require any external force to keep himself in conformity with the social requirements. His action becomes automatic. Forming queues when there is rush at the booking window or driving left in the busy streets. In the absence of culture, he should have been baffled even at the simplest situations. He need not go through painful trial and error learning to know what food can be taken without poisoning himself and fellow. His culture directs and confines his behavior, limits his goals and measures his reward. His culture gets into his mind and shutters vision so that he sees what is supposed to see in dream what he is expected to dream and hunger for what he is trained to hunger. Culture Provides Traditional Interpretations to Certain Situation; through culture men gets traditional interpretation for many situations according to which he determines his behavior. If a cat crosses his way, he postpones his journey. It may however be noted that these traditional interpretation differ from culture to culture. Among some culture owl is regarded as a symbol of wisdom and not a symbol of idiocy. Culture Keeps Social Relationship Intact; culture has importance not only for man but also for the group. Had there been no culture there would have been no group life. Culture is the design and the prescription for guiding values and ideals. By regulating the behavior of the people and satisfying, the primary drives pertaining to hunger and sex it has been able to maintain group life. Culture has provided a number of checks upon irrational conduct and suggestibility culture aids such as in schooling or scientific training. Lessen the chances that a man will behave irrationally or irresponsibility. The members of group characterized though they be by consciousness of kind, at once competing. They are held in line by constraints prescribed by culture. Culture Broadens the Out Looks of the Individual; culture has given a new vision to individual by providing him a set of rules for co-operation of the individuals. He thinks not only his own self but also of the others. Culture teaches him to think himself a part of the larger whole, it provides him with the concept of family, state, nation and class and make responsible the cooperation and division of labor. Culture Creates New Needs; Culture also creates new needs and new drives, for example, thirst for knowledge and arranges for the satisfaction. In conclusion culture and society are co-existent one does not or cannot exist without the other, culture and society may have some common elements but the two are not the same they are not identical the essential difference is that society is composed of people while culture consists of knowledge, ideas, customs, traditions, folkways, mores, skills, institutions, organizations and artifacts. How to cite Culture as an Important Facet of Society, Essay examples

Environmental Pollution

Question: Identify and discuss the sources of environmental pollution produced by the construction industry . Is there evidence that these sources of pollution are adequately controlled? Explain how you have arrived at your conclusion regarding control? Answer: Introduction In current times, environmental pollution has become a serious issue all over the nation. It has been affected the life and health of the people. Along with this, it is essential to control the environment pollution for the safety of people and environment also. This research paper would be helpful to describe the major sources of environmental pollution that are formed by the constructions industry. Moreover, the paper would also be useful to demonstrate the evidence that show that these sources of pollution are controlled in an adequate manner. In addition, the paper would also be beneficial to recommend procedures that could recover pollution control within the industry. Environmental Pollution Produced Sources The development business is additionally a noteworthy wellspring of ecological contamination as around 5% of gas discharges, more water contamination than different commercial enterprises and numerous commotion contamination dissensions in every year (Chan and Chan, 2004). The primary territories of ecological contamination delivered concern are air, water and clamor contamination by the development business these are: Air pollution sources: In the words of Morledge and Jackson (2001) development exercises, for example, land clearing, diesel motors use in operation, annihilation, smoldering, and working with harmful materials are the real sources that add to air contamination. All construction activities generate high levels of dust from cement, concrete, wood, stone, and silica that creates air pollution. Moreover, constructions related machines, loading or transportation vehicles, and heavy equipment use diesel that is the major source of generates air pollution as discharge huge carbon emission. Diesel motor depletes of vehicles and substantial hardware is likewise in charge of emanations of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and carbon dioxide that pollution air and environment of the area. Diesel and oils, treated woods, plastics, glues, thinners, paints, cleaners and other hazardous chemicals are used on construction projects that generate noxious vapors and air pollution (Morledge Jackson, 2001). The construction process most stages used chemicals, water and mixture of sand and cement that release the natural gas and generates air pollution. Water pollution sources: The authors Ortiz, Castells and Sonnemann (2009) state that, diesel and oil, cleaners chemicals, paints, other harmful toxic chemicals, building materials such as cement, and construction debris and dirt are major sources of water pollution on construction sites. While land or side is cleaned after competition of construction it causes soil erosion that runs into natural waterways turns water pollution Moreover, construction industry also required huge amount of water for build any construction or building that also affects the groundwater level (Ortiz, Castells and Sonnemann, 2009). Noise Pollution Sources: In the words of Pope, Dockery and Schwartz (1995), lots of noise produces from vehicles, machinery, heavy equipment and people shouting on a construction sites, so these are the major sources of noise pollution by the construction industry. Construction of building and over bridge required the use of vehicles, machinery, and heavy equipment to transport raw material and people as well as construction process that created noise pollution. Moreover, construction sites dumped toxic waste or harmful chemical in open areas and is not treating the waste properly or disposing it that created the pollutions and environmental issues related to water, air, soil and land. Construction companies or industry released pollute water release from Storage Rivers, lakes, tanks or dams, and water stockpiling compartments that influenced environment through dirty water, air and land (Pope, Dockery and Schwartz, 1995). Pollution Sources Adequately Controlled The above described the sources of pollution by the construction industry are adequately controlled through applied the pollution control methods and standards related to pollution control. In addition, the major construction companies and builders applied the latest technology oriented and environment friendly vehicles, machinery, and heavy equipment to reduce pollutions. The construction sites are mitigated noise pollution through constructing noise barriers such as earth mounds and vertical wall along the construction sites for creation of blockage of sound generated by heavy vehicles, machinery, and equipment. Moreover, the construction sites control dust by fine water sprays applied dampen down the site (Cole Rousseau, 1992). The construction sites wherever possible use non-toxic paints and non hazardous materials and materials not burning on site to control source of pollution. At the same time, the construction sites spread skips in addition to trucks stacked with development materials and in addition spread other building materials like bond, sand and other powers to stop dust spreading and to reduce air pollution. The construction companies collect wastewater created from development site exercises in settlement tanks and in addition discard remaining muck or waste as per ecological directions. In recent times, the construction companies use energy efficient vehicle and equipment engines to reduce the emission of gases and control the pollution (Haas, 1989). It evidences that a few demonstrations, laws, directions and standards must be trailed by the development organizations in the Australia to control the contamination for tackle the natural issue. Moreover, it is also evidenced that construction companies and construction sides solve the environmental problem or control the pollution sources through use the recycle, reuse, reduce use of materials, and waste administration procedures to diminish the contamination level and keep the earth. The development organizations and manufacturers are utilizing the water reuse and reuse methodology to control the water contaminations. The waste administration methodologies is the best approach to reuse, reuse and diminish utilization of materials and assets that are by the majority of the development organizations and builders to control pollutions sources for preventing the environment and protecting their stakeholders (Horvath, 2004). Moreover, construction companies, builders and construction sides apply the proper disposal of waste strategy to prevent the natural resources, climate and environment from pollutions. Conclusion Regarding Pollution Control The UK Environmental Agency and other government bodies are created pressure on the construction companies and builders to adequate control on the sources of environmental pollution through enforce environmental regulations. In recent times, environmental hardest regulations and the pollution fines have been high that could have been perceived as cheaper to apply pollution prevent strategies and techniques (Schwartz, 1994). Moreover, under the POEO Act, the environment protection authority (EPA) of the UK has issued environment protection licences to the owners, operators, and construction companies those involved in the construction or building projected with followed all aspects related to prevention from pollution, cleaner and safe production by applying the waste management techniques (reuse, recycle and reduce) (Spence Mulligan, 1995). The hardest regulations and the high pollution fines by the government bodies or environmental agency are changing the thinking or habits of the construction companies. Moreover, protection of the environment and population control is also become important strategy of develop reputation of a firm in the market through fill the corporate social responsibility (Faniran Caban, 1998). Pollutions reduce and control measures are cost-effective, so that the construction companies are corporate into environmental and waste management strategies. Moreover, through employing environmental practices and regulations, the construction industry is well positioned to adequately control on the sources of pollutions. Recommendation to Improve Pollution Control On the basis of the evidence provided related to environmental pollutions sources of the construction industry and the control if these sources, it can be stated that pollution generates by the construction companies. Therefore, some environmental pollution control measures would be applied to improve pollution control within the industry. The government bodies and the Environmental Agency could improve pollution control within the industry through applied the new regulations or measures related to pollution control. Pollution from the construction activities could be control through enforce regulations or measures related to construction dust, specified processes, smoke, fuel restrictions, and open burning restriction (Carpenter, and et al., 1998). Open burning of construction waste, rubber tyres, chemical hazards disposal, cables for metal salvage, wastes and other materials for clearance of a construction site could be prohibited due to thy cause serious pollutions. Commotion control measures could be actualized amid the development stage may include: Selection of proper plant, gear and working techniques. Use of silencers on development gear. Limiting the utilization and number of gear working near the delicate beneficiaries. Use of impermanent commotion boundaries to screen off development hardware from the touchy beneficiaries. (Davies and Mazurek 2014) The above commotion control measures could be considered by the development organization to minimize clamor contamination. Conclusion On the basis of the above conversation, it can be said that, environmental protection is the most important problem all over the world. Along with this, it is also observed that, in compare to other industries, the construction industry produces a huge amount of pollutants together with air, noise, water, and solid waste. In addition to this, the above suggested measures would be of assistance for the construction industry in order to improve pollution control within the industry in an effective and a more comprehensive manner. Apart from this, eco-friendly construction would also be beneficial in order to reduce as well as control environmental pollution in an adequate way. References Carpenter, S.R., and et al., 1998. Nonpoint pollution of surface waters with phosphorus and nitrogen. Ecological applications, 8(3), pp.559-568. Chan, A.P. and Chan, A.P., 2004. Key performance indicators for measuring construction success. Benchmarking: an international journal, 11(2), pp.203-221. Cole, R.J. and Rousseau, D. 1992. Environmental auditing for building construction: energy and air pollution indices for building materials. Building and Environment, 27(1), pp.23-30. Davies, J.C. and Mazurek, J., 2014. Pollution Control in United States: Evaluating the System. Routledge. Faniran, O.O. and Caban, G. 1998. Minimizing waste on construction project sites. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 5(2), pp.182-188. Haas, P.M., 1989. Do regimes matter? Epistemic communities and Mediterranean pollution control. International organization, 43(03), pp.377-403. Horvath, A. 2004. Construction materials and the environment. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour., 29, pp.181-204. Morledge, R. and Jackson, F. 2001. Reducing environmental pollution caused by construction plant. Environmental Management and Health, 12(2), pp.191-206. Ortiz, O., Castells, F. and Sonnemann, G., 2009. Sustainability in the construction industry: A review of recent developments based on LCA. Construction and Building Materials, 23(1), pp.28-39. Pope, C.A., Dockery, D.W. and Schwartz, J., 1995. Review of epidemiological evidence of health effects of particulate air pollution. Inhalation toxicology, 7(1), pp.1-18. Schwartz, J., 1994. Air pollution and daily mortality: a review and meta analysis. Environmental research, 64(1), pp.36-52. Spence, R. and Mulligan, H. 1995. Sustainable development and the construction industry. Habitat international, 19(3), pp.279-292.

Global Marketing Product Market Strategies

Question: Describe about the Global Marketing for Product Market Strategies . Answer: Introduction: In the present business environment, every organization is looking utilize the benefits of globalization in order to maintain its position in the market. Globalization has provided organizations the opportunity to achieve greater market share. Therefore, it creates direct impact on the revenue level of the organizations. In this report, the focus will be on an Australian organization namely Dick Smith Foods. The company is named after its owner Dick Smith. Over the years, the company has able to grow its revenue level largely. The unique marketing strategy of the organization has able to capture the attention of the expected customers. However, Dick Smith Food is trying to expand its business in the global market so that it can able to enhance its revenue level largely. In this report, the focus will be on market penetration strategy of Dick Smith Foods to enter in the Vietnam market. Market Analysis Size of the market and growth rates: As per the article by Piercy (2014), analysis of market size and potential growth rate of the market is critical at the time of introducing any product in the market. It has been assessed that Vietnam is facing increase demand in the packaged cheese foods. Furthermore, consumers of Vietnam are also becoming very conscious regarding the quality of the provided food products. As a result, it is providing organizations the opportunity to implement effective penetration technique in order to gain competitive advantage in the market. As mentioned by Spann, Fischer Tellis (2014) Vietnams packaged cheese product market has increased by 8% over the past few years. Therefore, it also providing Dick Smith Foods bigger market share to gain expected level of revenue. Population: As per the article by Kapferer (2012), the liberalization of the market have helped Vietnam to emerge as one of the fastest growing economies in the Asian region. The countrys GDP growth rate has been assessed 7.8% in the last decade. For that reason, Vietnamese population has been able to experience strength economic growth. For that reason, it is providing Dick Smith Foods the opportunity consider the entire population so that it can able to fulfill all the requirement of entering in the new market. Market Barriers and Market Drivers: As per the article by Foxall (2014) market barriers and drivers is another crucial factor that can make significant amount of impact on the new market development strategies of the organization. In order to penetrate Vietnam market, Dick Smith Food will have to consider government rules and regulations at the time of importing products in the market. Furthermore, the organization also has to consider the local taste and preferences in order to get close to its potential customers. On the other hand, per capita income of Vietnam people is increasing in a consistent manner. Therefore, it will help the company to establish its packaged cheese products effectively in the market. Organizational Analysis Customer Behavior: Dick Smith Foods deals in packaged cheese products industry. Therefore, the organization has to target children and household customers in order to gain fare share of the market. It has been assessed that the customers in Vietnam is more focusing towards the quality of the product. For that reason, Dick Smith Foods will have to ensure that the quality of the product has able to meet the satisfaction level of the customers. Furthermore, customers buying behavior heavily depended on the pricing structure of the organization. Therefore, Dick Smith Foods also will have to impose the pricing structure in such a way so that it can influence the people to spend for buying their product. 4Ps of marketing: Product Dick Smith Foods primarily deals in providing packaged cheese products. The company has able to gain popularity in the Australian market due to its exceptional quality. Furthermore, the company is continuously trying to develop new products in order to maintain its position in the market. Price The organization is focusing on implementing low pricing structure so that it can able to grab the attention of the new customers. Furthermore, the company is looking to initiate different seasonal offers so that people can able to recognize the products in a much more effective way. Place As per the article by Schmidt, Spann Zeithammer (2014) Vietnam does not have too much competition in the packaged cheese products as compared to any other economy. Therefore, it can be regarded as an ideal place to initiate market penetration strategy at the time of introducing new products in the market. Promotion In present business environment, promotion has become an integral part of the organization. Since, it helps to get close to the organization customers. Dick Smith Foods also will have to utilize unique strategy like direct marketing, social media marketing in order to impose its products in an effective way. Table 1: 4Ps of marketing (Source: Ryan, 2014) Competitor Analysis: As per the article by Berthon et al. (2012) organizations have to implement a systematic procedure in order to analyze all the competitors effectively. Therefore, Dick Smith Foods also have to implement systematic procedure in order to counter the strategies of its competitors. In Vietnam, Vinamilk is the largest packaged dairy product supplier. Therefore, Dick Smith Foods will have to impose its packaged cheese products in such a way so that it can able to gain fare share of the market. Figure 1: Competitors analysis (Source: West, Ford Ibrahim, 2015) Competitor Advantage of your Product: As Dick Smith Foods in planning to impose its product in the new market, it will have to include certain additional benefits in the product. For instance, Dick Smith Foods offers different size package for cheese products. Therefore, it will allow consumers to select any size according to their convenience. Furthermore, the company is focusing on offering different types of cheese products like pennant cheese, butter cheese so that customers can have more options to select a particular product from the market. In addition, Dick Smith Foods is also trying to utilize low pricing structure so that people does not have to face too many difficulties at the time of introducing the packaged cheese product in the market. Positioning Map of Competitors: As per the article by McDONALD (2016) positioning of the product is very important for gaining success in the market. Particularly, in order to impose a new product in the market successfully, positioning play a critical role. Thus, promotional campaign of Dick Smith Foods will have to be imposing in such a way so that it can able to grab the attention of the customers. Furthermore, positioning of packaged cheese product will have to be imposed in such a way so that customers can able to recognize it in the market effectively. Macro environment Porter five forces model: As per the article by Proctor (2014) Porter five forces help organizations to analyze the market situation in an effective way. The Porter analysis is analyzed as follows: Thereat from new entry: In Vietnam, developing new businesses have to go through several rules and regulations. Therefore, majority of the new businesses have faced lot of difficulties in order to place itself in an appropriate manner. Therefore, market entry rate is relatively low in the market. For that reason, it will be easier for Dick Smith Foods to penetrate in the market in an appropriate manner. Threat of substitutes: In present time, food industry has to face immense threat of industry competition. Furthermore, every organization is looking to introduce new product in order to sustain its position in the market. Therefore, different types of dairy product have came up in the market in recent time. For that reason, organizations have to face threat of substitute. Supplier power: In order to impose a product in the new economy, suppliers have to face a critical role. For that reason, suppliers possess huge amount of power that can affect the business strategies of the organization. Buyer power: As per the article by Turnbull Valla (2013), buyers do not possess too much power that can actually affect the business strategy of the organization. Furthermore, as the companies do not have to face challenges of new entrants, it can implement its business strategy in a much more effective way. Competitive rivalry: Competition in the packaged cheese product is intense in the world market. Therefore, all the companies are trying to expand its business to capture as much market as possible. As a result, Dick Smith Foods have to face lot of challenges at the time of introducing its product in the market. Figure 2: Porter five forces (Source: Majaro, 2013) Value Chain: As per the article by Kanagal (2013) value chain analysis helps organizations to utilize its internal activities in a much more effective way. Now, Dick Smith Foods also have to focus on several factors like infrastructure, procurement, human resource so that it can able to fulfill all the requirements of the organization. As the company is looking to introduce packaged cheese product in the Vietnam market, it will also have to focus on the cost effective logistic operation. Dick Smith Foods also have to focus on the quality of raw materials and after-sale services to develop an effective value chain for the organization. Figure 3: Value chain analysis (Source: Vilim Botterud, 2014) BCG Matrix: High Low High Star Vietnam is among one of the fewer Asian countries that is yet to be explored in a massive way. Therefore, it actually represents huge amount of opportunity for the organizations to penetrate effectively in the market. Furthermore, lesser amount of competition will also provide more opportunity for the organization. Thus, it represents higher possibility to gain success in the market. Question mark It has been assessed that many packaged food product organization has fail to increase its revenue level in the market. Now, as the competition level is comparatively low, it is expected that companies will able to have consistent growth in its revenue level. Thus, it actually creating question mark regarding the marketing strategies of the organization. Low Cash Cow In past few years, Vietnam has faced drastic change in the packaged dairy product industry. Due to liberalization, companies are presently facing more competition to sustain its position in the market. For that reason, it actually can cause challenges for Dick Smith Foods to penetrate successfully in the Vietnam market. Dog Several companies have failed considerably to handle the newly developed challenges of Vietnam market. As a result, many organizations has face drop in the revenue level. Thus, Smith Dick Foods also have to implement its market penetration plan in such a way so that it can actually able to fulfill the requirements of the customer in an effective way. Table 2: BCG Matrix (Source: Basu, 2014) SWOT Analysis: Strengths Weaknesses Dick Smith Foods is a popular name in the Australian market. Therefore, it will help the organization to grab the attention of the Vietnam people in a much more effective way. The company has able to develop a strong relationship with its customers and suppliers. For that reason, it can be expected that the company will able to fulfill requirements of the Vietnam market in an appropriate manner. Dick Smith Foods is trying to impose its package cheese product in a completely new market. Therefore, it has to face the challenges to new market. The company also has to invest huge amount to maintain the quality of the products. Opportunities Threats As mentioned earlier, Vietnam is among the few country that is yet to be imposed in a proper way. Therefore, it represents huge potential market for Dick Smith Foods to enhance its revenue level in an effective way. Due to liberalization, different policies and procedure has been relaxed. This will help Dick Smith Foods to export raw materials in Vietnam economy in an effective way. Competition is increasing in the packaged food product industry. Therefore, it is increasing the risk level for the organization. Different organization is utilizing low pricing strategy. As a result, revenue level is decreasing considerably. Table 3: SWOT Analysis (Source: Vahl, Rther Casarotto Filho, 2013) Conclusion: From the above analysis, it can be assessed that Dick Smith Foods have to consider several factors in order to introduce new product in the Vietnam market. Therefore, the company will have to implement effective marketing strategy in order to maintain its position in the market. Furthermore, the company will also have to focus on the implemented strategies of the competitors so that it can able to counter them effectively. References: Basu, S. (2014). Product market strategies and innovation types: finding the fit!.Strategic Direction,30(3), 28-31. Berthon, P. R., Pitt, L. F., Plangger, K., Shapiro, D. (2012). Marketing meets Web 2.0, social media, and creative consumers: Implications for international marketing strategy.Business horizons,55(3), 261-271. Foxall, G. (2014).Corporate Innovation (RLE Marketing): Marketing and Strategy. Routledge. Kanagal, N. B. (2013). Conceptualization of perceived value pricing in strategic marketing.Journal of Management and Marketing Research,12, 1. Kapferer, J. N. (2012).The new strategic brand management: Advanced insights and strategic thinking. Kogan page publishers. Majaro, S. 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