Thiel Fellowship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Thiel Fellowship - Essay Example In my view, these cases are fraudulent and need proof. Truth be told mechanical advances in created nations for example have multiplied throughout the years. Taking youthful top ability denies them different instructive advances that are maintainable for their general accomplishment throughout everyday life. Besides, instruction is basic to seeing considerably progressively innovative advances. This in my view renders Thiel Fellowship immaterial in any contemporary society. Tragically, Thiel has keeps up that, instruction may not be valuable for some profession ways and youth do learn different â€Å"valuable things† in school that not wind up helping them throughout everyday life. In my view such cases are outlandish. Instruction offers a wide scope of chance. What's more, use of gained aptitudes is fundamental and this is the thing that many vocation ways offer. In my view, Thiel Fellowship may not be a substitute way to genuine and feasible achievement. The different obtained values in life causes an individual to accomplish their objective and offer manageable answer for cultural issues. In such manner, even with the opportunity at Thiel Fellowship, I will dismiss the

Integrative Therapy Essay

I began my five star of advising today. I was apprehensive and energized simultaneously. I was anxious in light of the fact that I had not been in formal instruction for as far back as ten years and energized on the grounds that I would accomplish something for myself following 3 years of sitting at home and spotlight on some different option from household issues. I showed up to my top of the line late and that made me progressively uneasy. Checking out I saw that there were individuals from various age and foundation. I began the class by informing others regarding myself and tuned in to them. I had a feeling that I was in a gathering treatment, in a way it really was on the grounds that we were utilizing our listening abilities, which I accept is fundamental piece of advising. As it occurred toward the finish of the errand I was less anxious than I was toward the start. Our next errand was to discover an accomplice and discussion about ourselves to one another. We discussed our li ves and it was up to us the amount to advise our accomplice and to impart it to the remainder of the gathering. Again here, our listening aptitudes were tried. This undertaking additionally went about as ice breaker where the air of the class become progressively loose as we tuned in to each individual’s life and their accomplishments just as their goals. I understood that the greater part of the individuals who went to the course were there a direct result of their background impelled them to this course and that they believed they have something to give back as instructor, or that they may become familiar with some guiding aptitudes to assist them with their own lives. Concerning myself, since considering advising as a major aspect of my degree course 10 years prior, I have needed to turn into an advocate. I generally was inspired to help other people. My lone powerlessness is and has been my absence of certainty. This isn't on the grounds that I don’t can tune in and help other people, yet simply that I am not a certain speaker and my relational abilities should be upgraded and by doing this course I am wanting to beat both and be set up for additional capabilities in advising. During the class in bunches we likewise examined, what we need from rest of the gathering and what is expected of me. There were a few focuses, for example, Respect, Confidentially, Honesty, Being non-critical, and so on, that we as a whole concurred on. We finished the class by â€Å"checking out†, where we said how we felt and what we realized, similar to me, the remainder of gathering was additionally increasingly loose and were anticipating the remainder of the course. I consider this to be as learning course, where before the finish of it I have taken in some directing abilities, ideally I will likewise defeat my own issues, which may affect my job as a partner.

Introduction to Pop - The History of Soft Drinks

Prologue to Pop - The History of Soft Drinks Soda pops can follow their history back to the mineral water found in characteristic springs. Washing in common springs has for quite some time been viewed as a sound activity, and mineral water was said to have remedial forces. Researchers before long found that gas carbonium or carbon dioxide was behind the air pockets in common mineral water. The principal promoted sodas (non-carbonated) showed up in the seventeenth century. They were produced using water and lemon juice improved with nectar. In 1676, the Compagnie de Limonadiers of Paris was conceded a syndication for the offer of lemonade soda pops. Sellers would convey tanks of lemonade on their backs and apportioned cups of the soda to parched Parisians. Joseph Priestley In 1767, the principal drinkable man-made glass of carbonated water was made by Englishman Doctor Joseph Priestley. After three years, Swedish scientist Torbern Bergman imagined a producing contraption that made carbonated water from chalk by the utilization of sulfuric corrosive. Bergmans mechanical assembly permitted impersonation mineral water to be created in huge sums. John Mathews In 1810, the main United States patent was given for the methods for mass production of impersonation mineral waters to Simons and Rundell of Charleston, South Carolina. In any case, carbonated refreshments didn't accomplish extraordinary notoriety in America until 1832, when John Mathews created his device for making carbonated water. John Mathews then mass-produced his mechanical assembly available to be purchased to soft drink wellspring proprietors. Wellbeing Properties of Mineral Water The drinking of either common or counterfeit mineral water was viewed as a sound practice. The American drug specialists selling mineral waters started to add restorative and tasty herbs to unflavored mineral water. They utilized birch bark, dandelion, sarsaparilla, and natural product separates. A few students of history consider that the first seasoned carbonated soda pop was that made in 1807 by Doctor Philip Syng Physick of Philadelphia. Early American drug stores with soft drink wellsprings turned into a famous piece of culture. The clients before long needed to take their wellbeing drinks home with them and a soda packaging industry developed from buyer request. The Soft Drink Bottling Industry More than 1,500 U.S. licenses were petitioned for either a stopper, top, or top for the carbonated beverage bottle tops during the beginning of the packaging business. Carbonated beverage bottles are under a great deal of weight from the gas. Innovators were attempting to locate the most ideal approach to forestall carbon dioxide or air pockets from getting away. In 1892, the Crown Cork Bottle Seal was protected by William Painter, a Baltimore machine shop administrator. It was the principal fruitful strategy for keeping the air pockets in the jug. Programmed Production of Glass Bottles In 1899, the principal patent was given for a glass-blowing machine for the programmed creation of glass bottles. Prior glass bottles had all been hand-blown. After four years, the new container blowing machine was in activity. It was first worked by the designer, Michael Owens, a representative of Libby Glass Company. Inside a couple of years, glass bottle creation expanded from 1,500 jugs every day to 57,000 jugs per day. Hom-Paks and Vending Machines During the 1920s, the first Hom-Paks were created. Hom-Paks are the natural six-pack drink conveying containers produced using cardboard. Programmed candy machines likewise started to show up during the 1920s. The soda pop had become an American pillar.

The Nature of the Illegal Trial of Jesus Article

The Nature of the Illegal Trial of Jesus - Article Example Accordingly, Jesus was surrendered and condemned to death. In any case, the most bewildering and the tragic issue is that Jesus couldn't be charged under any of the predominant laws of either the Jews or the Romans that could vouch His death penalty. The specialists respect that the whole preliminary procedure to be absolutely treacherous and a negligible eye †wash. As per a significant number of the exploration researchers, it was preplanned that Jesus would be executed more due to political reasons instead of strict causes however the leaders of the locale could do as such without a preliminary as in light of the fact that the overall population was threatening towards those in powers as they have slaughtered John the Baptist with no significant charge. Consequently, the whole arrangement of dramatization with respect to the preliminary of Jesus was sorted out and it had entire parcel of deceptive procedures and happenings. This investigation delivers the exploitative preliminary of the Lord in the light. So as to comprehend the work, life and the execution of the Lord Jesus, it is reasonable that the examination starts with the conversation of the social and political state of those occasions in the regions of Jerusalem. Jerusalem used to be a free state dominatingly Jewish and run by Hasmonean administration of consecrated clerics until in 63 B. C. at the point when it was vanquished by General Pompey of Rome and brought under the domain of the Roman Empire. The Roman appointed the specialists of administering of the state to the devout ministers of the sanctuary and from that point forward their won two arrangements of rules in the locale; one being the Jewish strict laws and the other was the Roman laws. The rulers for example the devout clerics initiated to serve the double interests to be specific the political interests of the Rome and the strict interests of the Jews. The standard of the Romans through Jew esteemed clerics in the territories of Palestine prompted discontent among the masses of the area in light of a few policy driven issues like the unforgiving guidelines of tax assessment, the laws of

How to Select a Home Printer That Can Print the Best Quality Pictures

How to Select a Home Printer That Can Print the Best Quality PicturesIf they give you lined paper, make sure that the lining is very strong and flat so that the pages do not break apart when you print them. If they are going to give you lined paper, make sure that they don't have adhesive, such as Velcro, that may try to adhere to the paper while it is being printed.If the paper is from a non-laminated stock, the pages are more likely to be weaker. However, laminated papers tend to be better in this regard. Make sure that the paper you get is from a quality stock and that it has no adhesives in it, since this could be a problem if you choose to use a printer.If you choose to print on a home printer, make sure that the paper does not feel too soft to the touch. Soft paper will produce less quality prints, especially if the printing plates are very large. If the paper feels too soft, it may not even stick to the printing plates properly, which can cause images to bleed or be cut off.In general, it is best to have a matte or glossy finish. The main reason for this is that the printed image will remain clearer and sharper in this type of finish. If you have an impression paper that has a glossy finish, make sure that the printer is set to this setting, to maintain the best output. A matte finish will still produce quality prints.If you choose to use a copier to make your copies, make sure that the paper that you are using is the same size and quality as the paper that you would get at a printing company. Also, make sure that the paper is very thin. When you print on a home printer, it is more likely to produce thicker paper. Because of this, the copies will have more flaws than what is usually produced by a printing company.As you shop for printers, look at their software and see if they are capable of having the programs turned on and the printers made. If they can, make sure that this capability is available. If they cannot have the printers and printing systems configured, look for printers that can be made ready in this way. The better printers are the ones that have a fast turnaround and offer very competitive prices.Many times, you can use a well-known printer to make copies of your documents. This is not always possible, but it is worth asking about. Make sure that the printer that you are considering has a good reputation in this area. It is not worth buying a poor quality printer just to save money.Always compare prices from different printers before making a purchase, especially if you are ordering a home printer. With some of the better printers, you can get a good deal even if you order them from a web site that is outside your own country.

40 of the Most Popular Translated Books on Goodreads List List 345

40 of the Most Popular Translated Books on Goodreads List List 345 This edition of List List  is sponsored by  Henry Holt, publisher of TRUST EXERCISE by Susan Choi. Available now wherever books are sold. The new novel by Pulitzer Prize finalist Susan Choi, TRUST EXERCISE. A story about the enduring aftermath of the events of adolescence, and about the complexities of consent and coercion among teenagers and adults. Through a narrative twist, TRUST EXERCISE raises questions about the reliability of memory and the accuracy of the stories we tell, and considers the consequences of our memories and our stories across time. One of the most anticipated new books of the year. at Goodreads,  40 of the Most Popular Translated Books on Goodreads at Electric Literature,  30 Books By Writers Of Color Redefining the Term “All-American” at The Huffington Post,  9 Young Adult Books Every Kid (And Grown Up) Should Read at The Guardian,  Top 10 Bilingual Books at BuzzFeed,  16 Game Of Thrones Tumblr Jokes From The Premiere at Reedsy,  Cosmic Horror: 15 Titles to Start You Off at Literary Hub,  8 Books That Define and Defy the Canon of Hip Hop Literature at Publishers Weekly,  10 Essential Graphic Novels and Memoirs About Queer Women at Off the Shelf,  The 5 Best Books I Judged by Their Covers at Read it Forward,  Best Sci-Fi and Fantasy Books for Book Clubs at Tor.com,  Five Works Involving Weird, Unsettling Isolation at NBC News,  8 Excellent Latino Poetry Books for National Poetry Month

Life Expectancy Essay - 275 Words

Life Expectancy (Essay Sample) Content: NameCourseInstructorDateIs Increased Life Expectancy a Blessing or a Curse?Living longer has a number of implications for the old person and the community at large. There are pros and cons on an increased life expectancy. However, the merits have by far outnumbered the demerits.A person who has lived for 100 years is an icon and a role model in the society. Children and the youth would look up to him/her. His/her lifestyle in regard to diet, general health, and social status is guidance to many. How did he/she survive early deaths due to lifestyle diseases? Therefore, in such an old person, we have a teacher in many aspects ("Effects of Higher Life Expectancyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ).I bet someone like Martin Luther King Junior would have made tremendous achievements had he lived for longer.To mention a few, Steve Jobs and Bill Gates have changed the world in a tremendous way. Only God knows how the world would be right now if the two were to die at 20. The iPod, iPhone, and i Pad would not have been available. Steve Jobs made it possible for the blind to make calls, receive calls, send messages and receive messages. Furthermore, Bill Gates has contributed a lot to the world. The MS Windows OS and the Bill Gates Foundation to assist the needy are enough testament that life expectancy contributes a lot to the society ("Bill Gate, Steve Jobs and the rising Billionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ).With everything, however, comes a problem. The people who live longer after their retirement often experience financial constraints. They outlive their savings. In fact, they demand more money to survive. This strains the governments and companies on pension schemes because these retirees need more funds to sustain themselves. In addition, they tend to demand more attention and love from their chi...

Definition and Examples of You Understood in English

In English grammar, you understood is the implied subject in most imperative sentences in the language. In other words, in sentences that convey requests and commands, the subject is almost always the personal pronoun you, even though its often not expressed. Examples and Observations In the examples below,  you understood  is indicated by square brackets:  []. As soon as she was on the sidewalk Mick caught her by the arm. You go right home, Baby Wilson. [] Go on, now!(Carson McCullers, The Heart is a Lonely Hunter. Houghton Mifflin, 1940)I dont care if shes a murderer! [] Leave her alone! [] Get out of here and [] leave her alone! All of you! [] Get out of here!(Bethany Wiggins, Shifting. Bloomsbury, 2011)Youre not from around here, I say.[] Leave me alone.Youre from somewhere else. From EuropeYoure disturbing me. Id appreciate it if you would stop pestering me.(Elie Wiesel, Legends of Our Time. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1968)Mrs. Bloxby sighed. Would you please leave, Mrs. Benson, and in future, would you telephone first? I am very busy. Please [] shut the door on your way out.Well, I never!Then its time you did. Goodbye!(M.C. Beaton [Marion Chesney], As the Pig Turns. St. Martins Press, 2011) You-Understood in Transformational Grammar Imperative sentences differ from others in that they lack subject noun phrases: Be quiet!Stand up!Go to your room!Do not smoke! Traditional grammar accounts for such sentences by claiming that the subject is you understood. Transformational analysis supports this position: The evidence for you as the subject of imperative sentences involves the derivation of reflexives. In reflexive sentences, the reflexive NP must be identical with the subject NP: Bob shaved Bob.Mary dressed Mary.Bob and Mary hurt Bob and Mary. The reflexive transformation substitutes the appropriate reflexive pronoun for the repeated noun phrase: Bob shaved himself.Mary dressed herself.Bob and Mary hurt themselves. Let us look at the reflexive pronoun that appears in imperative sentences: Shave yourself!Dress yourself! Any reflexive pronoun other than yourself results in an ungrammatical sentence: *Shave himself!*Dress herself! This fact provides evidence for the existence of you as the deep structure subject of imperative sentences. You is deleted by means of the imperative transformation, which is triggered by the Imp marker. (Diane Bornstein, An Introduction to Transformational Grammar. University Press of America, 1984) Implied Subjects and Tag Questions Some imperatives appear to have a third person subject as in the following: Somebody, strike a light! (AUS#47:24) Even in a sentence like this one, though, there is an understood second person subject; in other words, the implied subject is somebody among you all out there. Again, this becomes clearer when we tack on a question tag--suddenly the second person subject pronoun surfaces: Somebody, strike a light, will you? (AUS#47:24) In an example like this, it is quite clear that we are not dealing with a declarative, since the verb form would then be different: somebody strikes a light. (Kersti Bà ¶rjars and Kate Burridge, Introducing English Grammar, 2nd ed. Hodder, 2010) Pragmatics: Alternatives to the Plain Imperative If we have the feeling that a direct speech act might be perceived as a face threat by the hearer, there is quite a range of implicit directives, which are indirect speech acts . . . from which we might select something appropriate and less threatening to the others face. (28a) Shut the door.(28b) Can you shut the door, please?(28c) Will you shut the door, please?(28d) Would/could you please shut the door?(28e) Lets shut the door, shall we?(28f) Theres a draught in here. . . . [I]n Anglo culture there are scripts blocking the imperative (28a) and prescribing the interrogative (28 b, c, d). Though it may be perfectly acceptable among friends, the use of the imperative in (28a) is not appropriate when the speaker and hearer do not know each other well or when the hearer is of a higher social status or has power over the speaker. The use of the imperative as in Shut the door has the strongest impact on the hearer, but it is normally not used. (Renà © Dirven and Marjolijn Verspoor, Cognitive Exploration of Language and Linguistics, 2nd ed. John Benjamins, 2004)

Symptoms And Symptoms Of Anxiety And Depression Essay

Anxiety and depression are treatable, but 80% of kids with a diagnosable anxiety disorder and 60% of kids with diagnosable depression are not getting treatment, according to the 2015 Child Mind Institute Children’s Mental Health Report (Children and Teens. (2010). Many children have anxiety and it does not need to be treated, while there are some children that have severe anxiety over almost anything and needs to be managed by medication. Some children when they are younger may experience social anxiety, this I have dealt with first hand from my daughter. Most children will grow out of this phase as they become older and are more social with people. Children who suffer from an anxiety disorder experience fear, nervousness, and shyness, and they start to avoid places and activities (Children and Teens. (2010). Anxiety disorders affect one in eight children. Research shows that untreated children with anxiety disorders are at a higher risk to perform poorly in school, miss out on important social experiences, and engage in substance abuse (Children and Teens. (2010). If children are performing poorly in school due to not being treated properly this could lead to them having to repeat school. In turn this can affect things at home for the child as well as the parents since they are having to pay more in school costs. Being in the medical field I see children with anxiety almost on a daily basis and often they are battling more than anxiety. Often time children that have anxietyShow MoreRelatedSymptoms And Symptoms Of Adhd, Depression, And Anxiety1311 Words   |  6 PagesDiscussion This study examined whether SCT symptoms are significantly associated with poor study skills and EF deficits in college students over and above demographics and symptoms of ADHD, depression, and anxiety. This study also examined whether deficits in EF mediate the association between symptoms of SCT and poor study skills over and above demographics and symptoms of ADHD, depression, and anxiety. The current study adds to extant research regarding SCT in a number of ways. This is the firstRead MoreAnxiety Depression : Symptoms And Symptoms Essay3983 Words   |  16 PagesDepression usually exists in a person when he/she gets stressed out of his/her work. This happens due to the brain activity stoppage while working and a need for a complete relaxation of the brain for some time arises. Anxiety Depression is found in a person who has all sorts of irregularities and erratic behavior due to over stress of his work. If one is suffering from anxiety depression, he needs to go and meet the psychiatrist as soon as he can, otherwise he would be the one to suffer the mostRead MoreAnxiety And Symptoms Of Depression1244 Words   |  5 Pagesthinking positively about the future can lead to further thoughts and actions of depression. Depression can result from this because indulging into thinking positively gives someone a sense of energy and often reduced success. The study was done over a period of 7 months on adults and schoolchildren. For college students, low academic success intermediated the relation between positive fantasies and symptoms of depression as seen through studies 1-4. Fantasizing about the future in a positive way onlyRead MoreAnxiety And Depression : Symptoms And Treatments Essay1252 Words   |  6 Pages Anxiety Depression Decrecia Nevels Morgan Mann Kristian Haynes Concorde Career College Abstract This paper explores anxiety and depression at length including a discussion on their similarities and differences. Other areas that will be examined in this research paper include describing just what anxiety is and how this mental disorder presents, different types of anxiety disorders and their symptoms and what treatment interventions are offered that help cope with this disorder. DepressionRead MoreThe Role Of Childhood Maltreatment And Symptoms Of Depression, Social Anxiety, And Generalized Anxiety809 Words   |  4 PagesRegulation Abilities and Symptoms of Depression, Social Anxiety, and Generalized Anxiety. The Journal of Psychology 147.5: 469-90. Print. 2. What is the specific topic the article is addressing? (i.e. the role of childhood maltreatment in eating disorders? The effect of exercise on stress levels?) The authors of this study are interested in how decreased emotional regulation is related to hostility and anger, which in turn can lead to symptoms of depression, GAD or social anxiety. 3. What backgroundRead MoreThe Effects Of Psychoeducational Group Therapy On Symptoms Of Ptsd, Anxiety And Depression Among Incarcerated Women3447 Words   |  14 PagesThe Effects of Psychoeducational Group Therapy on Symptoms of PTSD, Anxiety and Depression Among Incarcerated Women Christa N. Walters University of Arkansas The Effects of Psychoeducational Group Therapy on Symptoms of PTSD, Anxiety and Depression Among Incarcerated Women Introduction The number of incarcerated women has increased significantly, increasing at a rate double to the rate of male incarceration since 1980 (Covington Bloom, 2006). Braithwaite, Treadwell and Arriola noteRead MoreThe Relationship Between Anxiety And Depression1433 Words   |  6 Pagesdepressive, insomnia, and generalized anxiety symptoms. The measures (ISI=0.87, EPDS=0.85, PSWQ=0.95) all scored above the clinical threshold. All three measures were also correlated in each group and in the total sample. Studies suggested that the relationship between depression symptoms and insomnia symptoms was influenced by generalized anxiety disorder in pregnant women. Symptoms of depression were present in 75% of the women and 61% had generalized anxiety disorder. Therefore the study suggestedRead MoreThe Issue Of Legalization Of Marijuana886 Words   |  4 Pagessuppress the symptoms of depression and anxiety? Research shows us many different ways that medical marijuana helps people who struggle with depression and anxiety. For depression, it suppresses their symptoms. It also lifts their moods. For anxiety it helps push away the worriness and the stress of things they cannot control. Many people are diagnosed with depression. It is not uncommon. In fact, about fifteen million Americans older than the age of eighteen struggle with depression. (Anxiety and DepressionRead MoreThe Dass-21 Had A Good Internal Consistency. For Depression,983 Words   |  4 PagesThe DASS-21 had a good internal consistency. For depression, anxiety and stress subscales, Cronbach’s alpha values were 0.94, 0.87 and 0.91; respectively (Antony et al., 1998). In our study, we utilized the Malaysian version of the DASS-21, which was translated and validated by Musa et al., 2007 and showed a good internal consistency; i.e., Cronbach’s alpha for depression subscale = 0.84, for anxiety subscale = 0.74 and for stress subscale = 0.79 (Musa et al., 2007). Statistical Analysis AllRead MoreA Psychology Participant Pool Questionnaire1006 Words   |  5 Pageswith elevated depression were pulled from the questionnaire. Among the 100 participants, there was 45% male and 55% female with the average age being around 19. The college undergraduates ranged from freshman to seniors with, 67% freshman, 20% Sophomores, 10% Juniors, and 3% Seniors. Among the college students, the majority were African-American at 85%, Asian 10%, and the rest 5%. If you notice the majority totals for the subcategories of the population, there was an elevated depression between African

Imagery in Macbeth by William Shakespeare - 1172 Words

Imagery in Macbeth William Shakespeare use of imagery creates a picture in the mind of his audiences that tells a thousand words. In most of his literary work, he shows the importance of imagery, and how authors can manipulate a readers feelings towards a character. In Macbeth, one of Shakespeare’s greatest plays, he shows his very skillfully uses imagery. Macbeth is one of the great tragedy themed plays by William Shakespeare. It’s about three witches that decide to manipulate a Scottish general called Macbeth when he returns from a war. The Scottish king, Duncan, honors Macbeth with the title Thane of Cawdor for his heroic. Macbeth and his friend Banquo meet the witches. They predict that he will one day become king. So he decides that he will murder King Duncan. Macbeths wife agrees to his plan, and so his ambition builds. In The play Macbeth written by William Shakespeare, his use of imagery is display through symbolism of light and darkness, Macbeth ill-fitting gar ments and the images of blood. In many of Shakespeares works, readers are introduced to the idea of light and dark. Often these two are symbols of good and evil. Shakespeare use of the theme light vs. darkness is used to show a conflict between two opposing sides. To begin Darkness shows up more throughout the play. An example of this is the witches that cause chaos and confusion to other characters. As critic Spurgeon states â€Å"the witches are secret, black and midnight hags† (Spurgeon 112). The witchesShow MoreRelatedImagery in Macbeth by William Shakespeare702 Words   |  3 PagesImagery in Macbeth The tragedy of Macbeth is a compelling story by William Shakespeare about the fall of a once noble man who becomes a tragic hero. The story of Macbeth is about a man who let his desires result in him becoming an evil man. Shakespeare uses many forms of writing to portray his story; one main technique used is imagery. Imagery is used consistently throughout Macbeth to help the reader thoroughly understand the theme of the play. Many forms of imagery are used, however, theRead MoreThe Imagery Of Macbeth By William Shakespeare980 Words   |  4 PagesThe imagery of Macbeth institutes a dark, evil aura that surrounds nearly every aspect of the play. Images of evil beings, murder, as well as the natural and supernatural help to set this sinister mood throughout the play. The three witches are a dominant source of evil in Macbeth. They are the first characters introduced, emphasizing their significance in the play as well as their aura of darkness. Their first meeting takes place in thunder and lightening, a dark, chaotic, and dangerous environmentRead MoreImagery in Macbeth by William Shakespeare Essay example532 Words   |  3 PagesImagery is a way to amplify theme in Macbeth by William Shakespeare. It portrays many different themes in the play. Imagery is used in many different ways, such as blood, animals and, light and dark. Blood plays a significant role in this play and there is a lot of blood being shed, giving us a sense of horror and guilt. Macbeth makes his first kill after killing Duncan and he is freaking out about the blood on his hands. â€Å" Will all great Neptune’s ocean wash this blood Clean from my hand? No: thisRead MoreImagery of Blood, Light and Clothing in Macbeth by William Shakespeare540 Words   |  3 PagesImagery of Blood, Light and Clothing in Macbeth by William Shakespeare Imagery, the art of making images, the product of imagination (Merriam- Webster). Shakespeare uses many forms of imagery in his writing of Macbeth. Three main forms of imagery in this play are blood, light and darkness, and clothing. Within each form of this imagery Shakespeare incorporates symbols that the reader must understand if they are to interpret either the passage or the play as a whole. In Macbeth blood symbolizesRead MoreTheme Of Blood Imagery In Macbeth872 Words   |  4 Pages MACBETH’S FALL INTO EVIL Shakespeare uses imagery to show Macbeth’s fall into evil. Darkness is invariably associated with evil and to a certain extent deception. William Shakespeare employs the imagery of darkness throughout his play of Macbeth. He uses dark images often to describe instruments of disorder and the evils which characters portray. Macbeth is a tragedy that was written by Shakespeare in the Elizabethan Era. In Elizabethan England night air was said to be impure and rheumy and itRead MoreTheme Of Animal Imagery In Macbeth925 Words   |  4 PagesShakespeare is unarguably famous for his creative and vivid use of imagery in his acclaimed plays. Animal imagery is one literary device he uses often to develop theme and characterize individuals in his plays. One of his most prominent tragedies, Macbeth, contains many examples of animal imagery, most of which characterizes Macbeth himself. Animal imagery at the beginning of the tragedy, such as the comparison of Macbeth to an eagle and a lion, characterize him as loyal, brave, and honorable. AsRead MoreTaking a Look at Shakespeares Imagery Essay1012 Words   |  5 Pageswritings. Three of his most famous major works are Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth, and Hamlet. They are timeless and classics. It is even a question as to why they have lasted to this day. It is most likely because of Shakespeare’s popularity, imagery, and writing style. Shakespeare was wildly popular during the Elizabethan era. He, unlike like many authors during this time, was actually famous while he was alive. While Shakespeare was regarded as the foremost dramatist of his time, evidence indicatesRead MoreEssay on Images, Imagery, Symbols, and Symbolism in Macbeth1723 Words   |  7 PagesImagery and Symbolism in Macbeth  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   With its eye-opening plot and interesting cast of characters, William Shakespeare’s play, Macbeth is one of the greatest works one could ever read. But, above all, the aspect of the play is most impressive and overwhelming with imagery and symbolism that Shakespeare so brilliantly uses. Throughout the play, the author depicts various types of imagery and symbolism instances that, eventually, lead to the downfall of the main character, Macbeth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Read MoreEssay on Images and Imagery in Macbeth939 Words   |  4 PagesImagery in Macbeth      Ã‚  Ã‚   Darkness, disorder, mayhem, fear, guilt, and hypocrisy are all important themes carried throughout William Shakespeares Macbeth by the effective use of imagery in reference to ill-fitting clothing, blood, and light verses dark. Imagery in this play tiptoes its way though every scene to create a malevolent atmosphere of shame and false pretenses.    The contrast between light and dark during Macbeth clearly relates to the conflict between good andRead More Images, Imagery, Symbols, and Symbolism in Macbeth Essay610 Words   |  3 PagesImagery and Symbolism in Macbeth   Ã‚  Ã‚   In Macbeth, William Shakespeare uses extensive imagery and symbolism throughout the course of his play.   Shakespeare uses this imagery and symbolism so that the reader may gain a deeper understanding and feeling for the happenings of this tragedy.   This is further demonstrated by Shakespeares use of darkness in Macbeth.   As one of the more noticeable and important symbols, darkness represents many different elements in the play.   First and foremost

The Philosophy Of The Religion Of Buddhism - 2001 Words

Religion essay In many religions they are similar principles and philosophy that we live by. The philosophy of the religion of Buddhism, is to live is to suffer. Often people ask what is the meaning of life? and different religions find a way to interpret the answer to this question in their own way. For example, the Christianity religion often answers this questions by saying that we are here on earth to help those in need and to do Gods will. Others questions may be how can I live my life, so that I would be free of suffering? and this is where the Buddhism religion comes in. As part of this religion, the Buddhas find a way to stop or lessen the suffering of one, by following very simple laws, principles, or simply by following suggestions. However, it is not mandatory to follow these alternatives, therefore if you wish to not follow them, then you don t have too although its would be in your benefit too. To live is to suffer in a Buddhist point of view is the idea of the inevit able suffering, that no matter who you are, in your life you will experience suffering. Suffering is depicted in the religion itself by the origins of their founder Siddhartha Gautama, through their principles, and lastly through any other general aspects of the religion of Buddhism. Firstly, what does the term Buddha really mean? A man once asked the Buddha Not who are you but what are you and the Buddha answer, I am awake meaning that he is awake, aware of everything (insight). TheShow MoreRelatedIs Buddhism A Philosophy Or A Religion?932 Words   |  4 Pages Is Buddhism a Philosophy Or a Religion? Joe Gilmore Mr. Porter 4-17-16 Buddhist teachings consist of teaching others how to end suffering in their own lives. Buddha teaches that if you follow an eightfold path, then you are moving toward reaching nirvana. This is the end of all suffering and the goal of all Buddhists. Though Buddhism is commonly labeled as a religion, it fits the definition of a philosophy rather than a religion. Buddhism’s founder was a man named SiddharthaRead MoreBuddhism : The Philosophy And Religion1426 Words   |  6 PagesBuddhism originated 2,500 years ago in India and today – is the prevailing world religion in the East. There are more than 360 million followers of Buddhism, including one million American followers. Buddhism has branched into a diverse selection of forms throughout its long history, however, all methods of Buddhism share an admiration for the teachings of Buddha with the ultimate focus on ending suffering (Religionfacts.com, 2015). In the 6th century BC, Siddhartha or Gautama Buddha was born inRead MoreBuddhism Is A Religion And Philosophy Essay2054 Words   |  9 PagesBuddhism is a religion and philosophy based on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama. It is the oldest and fourth largest religion in the world with around 500 million followers. Buddhism focuses on teaching people how to come to terms with and end the suffering of themselves and others by cutting out greed, hatred, and ignorance from their lives. Unlike most major world religions, Buddhism does not revolve around worshiping a god or divine creator, instead the focus of Buddhism is living one s bestRead MoreBuddhism Is Considered A Religion Or A Philosophy961 Words   |  4 Pageswhether buddhism is considered a religion or a philosophy but I believe that it is both. According to (https://www.google.com/#q=buddhismBuddhism) is a non-theistic religion or philosophy that encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on teachings attributed to the Buddha. Buddhism inhabits several traits that consider it a religion and a philosophy. There is not a clear distinction that defines buddhism as one or the other. Some practices of Buddhism displayRead MoreBuddhism s Philosophy And Religion1910 Words   |  8 PagesBuddhism stands as a philosophy and a religion founding itself on the theory of a possible eternal soul. Until awakeni ng is achieved, this eternal soul is locked in the vicious cycle of rebirth (Samsara). According to the Four Noble Truths preached by the Buddha, life is a perpetual suffering caused by desire and attachment, and freedom from suffering is only possible by practicing the Eightfold Path. The World is suffering in a succession of temptations and negative experiences from birth to deathRead MoreWorld Religion s Project Of Buddhism1003 Words   |  5 PagesWorld Religion’s Project Almost 6 percent of the world s population or 350 million people follow Buddhism. Although among them are varying controversies over whether or not Buddhism is a religion or a followed pathway. Buddhism, founded in the late 6th -century B.C.E , and practices the ideas of varying traditions, spiritual practices, and all beliefs focused on the ideas of Gautama or the Buddha. Gautama valued the beliefs and teachings of The Universal Truths and Four Noble Truths and successfullyRead MoreSimilarities Between Hinduism And Buddhism995 Words   |  4 PagesCompare and Contrast Essay Hinduism and Buddhism There are more than seven billion people living across the world and about 19 major religions with about 270 subgroups. In many states and countries, there are two or more religions that are being practiced by its residents. Hinduism and Buddhism are two of the 19 major religions, that are widely practiced. Hinduism and Buddhism both have common origins, and share similar beliefs. Both Hinduism and Buddhism are religions that focus on the way to live andRead MoreThe Goals of Hinduism and Buddhism Essay1368 Words   |  6 Pages2. Hinduism and Buddhism are traditions that originated from the Vedic sacrifice practice, and they share a common foundation in their view of existence. What are the similarities, and very importantly, the differences in their respective focuses and goals? Also included in this topic: For a time, Buddhism became a dominant tradition in much of India, but then Hinduism rose to become the dominant tradition. There are relatively few Buddhists in India today, e specially in comparison to the numberRead MoreReligious Ideologies And Practices Behind Buddhism843 Words   |  4 Pagesways of life. One particular religion that I did not consider myself well versed with was Buddhism. From my previous encounters with this religion, I had learned that its teachings embody the idea of karma and rebirth. As means to broaden my knowledge and learn more about the religious ideologies and practices behind Buddhism, I spoke with Professor Ann Burlein of the Religion and Philosophy Department. I had originally planned to attend Professor Burlein’s Buddhism in America class, but due toRead MoreBuddhism Is An Indispensable Element Of Chinese And Formation Of Mahayana Buddhism Essay1477 Words   |  6 PagesBuddhism has been the main religion of china for several thousands of years. In fact, Buddhism is an indispensable element of Chinese philosophy and literature. As we all know, Buddhism originated in India and first spread to China around 100BC. Nevertheless, (Mahayana) Buddhism in China separated itself from the mainstream Buddhism and created a new form of Bodhisattva precept instead of following the Indian Vinaya precept. In fact , the distinct Chinese history and culture played significant

Culture as an Important Facet of Society Free Essays

A society without culture is as good as dead. Discuss. A society according to Thomas, L (1995:25) is defined as â€Å"a group of mutually interdependent people who have organized in such a way as to share a common culture and feeling of unity†. We will write a custom essay sample on Culture as an Important Facet of Society or any similar topic only for you Order Now In other ways society consists of people, and culture consists of products that people create. Culture according to Giddens (2005:45) refers to â€Å"the pattern of human activity and the symbols, which give significance to this activity†. Culture is represented through the art, literature, costumes, customs and traditions of a community. Different cultures exist in different parts of the world. The natural environment greatly affects the lifestyle of the people of that region, thus shaping their culture. The diversity in the cultures around the world is also a result of the mindsets of people inhabiting different regions of the world. There are several components of human culture namely; symbols, language, values and beliefs, norms, and technology. Symbols are anything that carries a particular meaning recognized by people who share a culture. The simplest most everyday things are symbols for examples a wave of the hand can be a friendly gesture of hello. However, if not done properly with all the fingers in the upright position it can be a rude gesture and a great sign of disrespect. The honking of a car horn is a symbol to grab someone’s attention to their surroundings. Even something as common as a kiss is a symbol of love and caring. Language is a system of symbols that allows people to communicate with each other. Language can be words or sounds that are spoken or words that are written. For instance some people believe that dogs communicate with each other through barking, this may be their own language. Values are culturally defined standards by which people assess desirability, goodness, and beauty, and that serve as broad guidelines for social living. Beliefs are specific statements that people hold to be true. There are several examples of both that can be found by looking at the Christian religion. The Ten Commandments are a great source. â€Å"You shall have no other gods before me†, for Christians this statement is both a belief and a value. â€Å"Honor you father and mother† is a statement that Christians hold true and also one that they set their standards of living by. The other example of values and beliefs is â€Å"You shall not murder† a statement they stand by and live their lives by. Norms are rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members. One example of a norm is not cheating on a test, we all know this is wrong and should not be done at all cost. Technology is knowledge that people use to make a way of life in their surroundings, which is reflected by material culture an example of this is Plasma TV’s you can simply hang these picture perfect TV’s anywhere on the wall. It is true to say that no society exists without culture because of the following facets that culture brings to society which are as follows: The cultural values of a community give it an identity of its own; a community gains a character and a personality of its own, because of the culture of its people. Culture is shared by the members of a community. It is learned and passed from the older generations to the newer ones. For an effective transfer of culture from one generation to another, it has to be translated into symbols. Language, art and religion serve as the symbolic means of transfer of cultural values between generations. Culture is a bond that ties the people of a region or community together; It is that one common bond, which brings the people of a community together. The customs and traditions that the people of a community follow, the festivals they celebrate, the kind of clothing they wear, the food they eat, and most importantly, the cultural values they adhere to, bind them together. Culture is seen as a system of social control, wherein people shape their standards and behavior; the cultural values form the founding principles of one’s life. They influence one’s principles and philosophies of life. They influence one’s way of living and thus impact social life. Culture is the Treasury of Knowledge; culture provides knowledge, which is essential for the physical and intellectual existence of man. Birds and animals behave instinctively with environment. But man has greater intelligence and learning capacity. With the help of these, he has been able to adapt himself with environment or modify it to suit his convenience. Culture has made such an adaptation and modification possible and easier by providing man the necessary skills and knowledge. Culture preserves knowledge and helps its transmission from generation to generation through its means that is language helps not only the transmission of knowledge but also its preservation, accumulation and diffusion. On the contrary, animals do not have this advantage because culture does not exist at such human level. Culture Defines Situations; culture defines social situations for us. It not only defines but also conditions and determines what we eat and drink, we wear, when to laugh, weep, sleep, love to like friends with, what work we do, what god we worship, what knowledge we rely upon, what poetry we recite and so on. Culture Defines Attitudes, Values and Goods; attitudes refer to the tendency to feel and work out in certain ways. Values are the measure of goodness or desirability. Goods refer to the attainments, which our values define as worthy. It is the culture, which conditions our attitude towards various issues such as religion, morality, marriage, science, family planning, positions and so on. Our values concernsing private etc. are influenced by our culture. Our goals of winning the race, understanding others, attaining salvation, being obedient to elders and teachers, being loyal to husband, being patriotic etc. re all set forth by our culture. We are being socialized on these models. Culture Decides Our Career; whether we should become a politician or a social worker, a doctor, an engineer, a soldier, a farmer, a professor, an industrialist; a religious leader and so on is decided by our culture. What career we are likely to pursue is largely decided by our culture. Culture sets limitat ions on our choice to select different careers. Individuals may develop, modify or oppose the trends of their culture but they always live within its framework. Only a few can find outlet on the culture. Culture Provides Behavior Pattern; Culture directs and confines the behavior of an individual. Culture assigns goals and provides means for achieving them. It rewards noble works and punishes the ignoble ones. It assigns him status. We see dream, aspire, work, strive to marry, enjoy according to the cultural expectation. Culture not only contains but also liberates human energy and activities. Man indeed is a prisoner of his culture. Culture Provides Personality; Culture exercises a great influence on the development of personality. No child can get human qualities in the absence of a cultural environment. Culture prepares man for group life and provides him the design of living. It is the culture that provides opportunities for the development of personality and sets limits on its growth. As Ruth Benedict has pointed out every culture will provide its special type or types of personality. Culture Makes Man a Human Being; It is culture that makes the human, a man, regulates his conduct and prepares him for group life. It provides to him a complete design for living. It teaches him what type of food he should take and in what mariner, how he should over himself and behave with his fellows, how he should speak with the people and how he should co-operate or compete with others. An individual abstained from culture is less than human; he is what we call feral, man. The individual to be truly human must participate in cultural stream without it he would have been forced to find his own way, which would mean a loss of energy in satisfying his elementary needs. Culture Provides Solution for Complicated Situation; culture provides man with a set of behavior even for complicated situation. It has so thoroughly influenced that often he does not require any external force to keep himself in conformity with the social requirements. His action becomes automatic. Forming queues when there is rush at the booking window or driving left in the busy streets. In the absence of culture, he should have been baffled even at the simplest situations. He need not go through painful trial and error learning to know what food can be taken without poisoning himself and fellow. His culture directs and confines his behavior, limits his goals and measures his reward. His culture gets into his mind and shutters vision so that he sees what is supposed to see in dream what he is expected to dream and hunger for what he is trained to hunger. Culture Provides Traditional Interpretations to Certain Situation; through culture men gets traditional interpretation for many situations according to which he determines his behavior. If a cat crosses his way, he postpones his journey. It may however be noted that these traditional interpretation differ from culture to culture. Among some culture owl is regarded as a symbol of wisdom and not a symbol of idiocy. Culture Keeps Social Relationship Intact; culture has importance not only for man but also for the group. Had there been no culture there would have been no group life. Culture is the design and the prescription for guiding values and ideals. By regulating the behavior of the people and satisfying, the primary drives pertaining to hunger and sex it has been able to maintain group life. Culture has provided a number of checks upon irrational conduct and suggestibility culture aids such as in schooling or scientific training. Lessen the chances that a man will behave irrationally or irresponsibility. The members of group characterized though they be by consciousness of kind, at once competing. They are held in line by constraints prescribed by culture. Culture Broadens the Out Looks of the Individual; culture has given a new vision to individual by providing him a set of rules for co-operation of the individuals. He thinks not only his own self but also of the others. Culture teaches him to think himself a part of the larger whole, it provides him with the concept of family, state, nation and class and make responsible the cooperation and division of labor. Culture Creates New Needs; Culture also creates new needs and new drives, for example, thirst for knowledge and arranges for the satisfaction. In conclusion culture and society are co-existent one does not or cannot exist without the other, culture and society may have some common elements but the two are not the same they are not identical the essential difference is that society is composed of people while culture consists of knowledge, ideas, customs, traditions, folkways, mores, skills, institutions, organizations and artifacts. How to cite Culture as an Important Facet of Society, Essay examples

Environmental Pollution

Question: Identify and discuss the sources of environmental pollution produced by the construction industry . Is there evidence that these sources of pollution are adequately controlled? Explain how you have arrived at your conclusion regarding control? Answer: Introduction In current times, environmental pollution has become a serious issue all over the nation. It has been affected the life and health of the people. Along with this, it is essential to control the environment pollution for the safety of people and environment also. This research paper would be helpful to describe the major sources of environmental pollution that are formed by the constructions industry. Moreover, the paper would also be useful to demonstrate the evidence that show that these sources of pollution are controlled in an adequate manner. In addition, the paper would also be beneficial to recommend procedures that could recover pollution control within the industry. Environmental Pollution Produced Sources The development business is additionally a noteworthy wellspring of ecological contamination as around 5% of gas discharges, more water contamination than different commercial enterprises and numerous commotion contamination dissensions in every year (Chan and Chan, 2004). The primary territories of ecological contamination delivered concern are air, water and clamor contamination by the development business these are: Air pollution sources: In the words of Morledge and Jackson (2001) development exercises, for example, land clearing, diesel motors use in operation, annihilation, smoldering, and working with harmful materials are the real sources that add to air contamination. All construction activities generate high levels of dust from cement, concrete, wood, stone, and silica that creates air pollution. Moreover, constructions related machines, loading or transportation vehicles, and heavy equipment use diesel that is the major source of generates air pollution as discharge huge carbon emission. Diesel motor depletes of vehicles and substantial hardware is likewise in charge of emanations of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and carbon dioxide that pollution air and environment of the area. Diesel and oils, treated woods, plastics, glues, thinners, paints, cleaners and other hazardous chemicals are used on construction projects that generate noxious vapors and air pollution (Morledge Jackson, 2001). The construction process most stages used chemicals, water and mixture of sand and cement that release the natural gas and generates air pollution. Water pollution sources: The authors Ortiz, Castells and Sonnemann (2009) state that, diesel and oil, cleaners chemicals, paints, other harmful toxic chemicals, building materials such as cement, and construction debris and dirt are major sources of water pollution on construction sites. While land or side is cleaned after competition of construction it causes soil erosion that runs into natural waterways turns water pollution Moreover, construction industry also required huge amount of water for build any construction or building that also affects the groundwater level (Ortiz, Castells and Sonnemann, 2009). Noise Pollution Sources: In the words of Pope, Dockery and Schwartz (1995), lots of noise produces from vehicles, machinery, heavy equipment and people shouting on a construction sites, so these are the major sources of noise pollution by the construction industry. Construction of building and over bridge required the use of vehicles, machinery, and heavy equipment to transport raw material and people as well as construction process that created noise pollution. Moreover, construction sites dumped toxic waste or harmful chemical in open areas and is not treating the waste properly or disposing it that created the pollutions and environmental issues related to water, air, soil and land. Construction companies or industry released pollute water release from Storage Rivers, lakes, tanks or dams, and water stockpiling compartments that influenced environment through dirty water, air and land (Pope, Dockery and Schwartz, 1995). Pollution Sources Adequately Controlled The above described the sources of pollution by the construction industry are adequately controlled through applied the pollution control methods and standards related to pollution control. In addition, the major construction companies and builders applied the latest technology oriented and environment friendly vehicles, machinery, and heavy equipment to reduce pollutions. The construction sites are mitigated noise pollution through constructing noise barriers such as earth mounds and vertical wall along the construction sites for creation of blockage of sound generated by heavy vehicles, machinery, and equipment. Moreover, the construction sites control dust by fine water sprays applied dampen down the site (Cole Rousseau, 1992). The construction sites wherever possible use non-toxic paints and non hazardous materials and materials not burning on site to control source of pollution. At the same time, the construction sites spread skips in addition to trucks stacked with development materials and in addition spread other building materials like bond, sand and other powers to stop dust spreading and to reduce air pollution. The construction companies collect wastewater created from development site exercises in settlement tanks and in addition discard remaining muck or waste as per ecological directions. In recent times, the construction companies use energy efficient vehicle and equipment engines to reduce the emission of gases and control the pollution (Haas, 1989). It evidences that a few demonstrations, laws, directions and standards must be trailed by the development organizations in the Australia to control the contamination for tackle the natural issue. Moreover, it is also evidenced that construction companies and construction sides solve the environmental problem or control the pollution sources through use the recycle, reuse, reduce use of materials, and waste administration procedures to diminish the contamination level and keep the earth. The development organizations and manufacturers are utilizing the water reuse and reuse methodology to control the water contaminations. The waste administration methodologies is the best approach to reuse, reuse and diminish utilization of materials and assets that are by the majority of the development organizations and builders to control pollutions sources for preventing the environment and protecting their stakeholders (Horvath, 2004). Moreover, construction companies, builders and construction sides apply the proper disposal of waste strategy to prevent the natural resources, climate and environment from pollutions. Conclusion Regarding Pollution Control The UK Environmental Agency and other government bodies are created pressure on the construction companies and builders to adequate control on the sources of environmental pollution through enforce environmental regulations. In recent times, environmental hardest regulations and the pollution fines have been high that could have been perceived as cheaper to apply pollution prevent strategies and techniques (Schwartz, 1994). Moreover, under the POEO Act, the environment protection authority (EPA) of the UK has issued environment protection licences to the owners, operators, and construction companies those involved in the construction or building projected with followed all aspects related to prevention from pollution, cleaner and safe production by applying the waste management techniques (reuse, recycle and reduce) (Spence Mulligan, 1995). The hardest regulations and the high pollution fines by the government bodies or environmental agency are changing the thinking or habits of the construction companies. Moreover, protection of the environment and population control is also become important strategy of develop reputation of a firm in the market through fill the corporate social responsibility (Faniran Caban, 1998). Pollutions reduce and control measures are cost-effective, so that the construction companies are corporate into environmental and waste management strategies. Moreover, through employing environmental practices and regulations, the construction industry is well positioned to adequately control on the sources of pollutions. Recommendation to Improve Pollution Control On the basis of the evidence provided related to environmental pollutions sources of the construction industry and the control if these sources, it can be stated that pollution generates by the construction companies. Therefore, some environmental pollution control measures would be applied to improve pollution control within the industry. The government bodies and the Environmental Agency could improve pollution control within the industry through applied the new regulations or measures related to pollution control. Pollution from the construction activities could be control through enforce regulations or measures related to construction dust, specified processes, smoke, fuel restrictions, and open burning restriction (Carpenter, and et al., 1998). Open burning of construction waste, rubber tyres, chemical hazards disposal, cables for metal salvage, wastes and other materials for clearance of a construction site could be prohibited due to thy cause serious pollutions. Commotion control measures could be actualized amid the development stage may include: Selection of proper plant, gear and working techniques. Use of silencers on development gear. Limiting the utilization and number of gear working near the delicate beneficiaries. Use of impermanent commotion boundaries to screen off development hardware from the touchy beneficiaries. (Davies and Mazurek 2014) The above commotion control measures could be considered by the development organization to minimize clamor contamination. Conclusion On the basis of the above conversation, it can be said that, environmental protection is the most important problem all over the world. Along with this, it is also observed that, in compare to other industries, the construction industry produces a huge amount of pollutants together with air, noise, water, and solid waste. In addition to this, the above suggested measures would be of assistance for the construction industry in order to improve pollution control within the industry in an effective and a more comprehensive manner. Apart from this, eco-friendly construction would also be beneficial in order to reduce as well as control environmental pollution in an adequate way. References Carpenter, S.R., and et al., 1998. Nonpoint pollution of surface waters with phosphorus and nitrogen. Ecological applications, 8(3), pp.559-568. Chan, A.P. and Chan, A.P., 2004. Key performance indicators for measuring construction success. Benchmarking: an international journal, 11(2), pp.203-221. Cole, R.J. and Rousseau, D. 1992. Environmental auditing for building construction: energy and air pollution indices for building materials. Building and Environment, 27(1), pp.23-30. Davies, J.C. and Mazurek, J., 2014. Pollution Control in United States: Evaluating the System. Routledge. Faniran, O.O. and Caban, G. 1998. Minimizing waste on construction project sites. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 5(2), pp.182-188. Haas, P.M., 1989. Do regimes matter? Epistemic communities and Mediterranean pollution control. International organization, 43(03), pp.377-403. Horvath, A. 2004. Construction materials and the environment. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour., 29, pp.181-204. Morledge, R. and Jackson, F. 2001. Reducing environmental pollution caused by construction plant. Environmental Management and Health, 12(2), pp.191-206. Ortiz, O., Castells, F. and Sonnemann, G., 2009. Sustainability in the construction industry: A review of recent developments based on LCA. Construction and Building Materials, 23(1), pp.28-39. Pope, C.A., Dockery, D.W. and Schwartz, J., 1995. Review of epidemiological evidence of health effects of particulate air pollution. Inhalation toxicology, 7(1), pp.1-18. Schwartz, J., 1994. Air pollution and daily mortality: a review and meta analysis. Environmental research, 64(1), pp.36-52. Spence, R. and Mulligan, H. 1995. Sustainable development and the construction industry. Habitat international, 19(3), pp.279-292.

Global Marketing Product Market Strategies

Question: Describe about the Global Marketing for Product Market Strategies . Answer: Introduction: In the present business environment, every organization is looking utilize the benefits of globalization in order to maintain its position in the market. Globalization has provided organizations the opportunity to achieve greater market share. Therefore, it creates direct impact on the revenue level of the organizations. In this report, the focus will be on an Australian organization namely Dick Smith Foods. The company is named after its owner Dick Smith. Over the years, the company has able to grow its revenue level largely. The unique marketing strategy of the organization has able to capture the attention of the expected customers. However, Dick Smith Food is trying to expand its business in the global market so that it can able to enhance its revenue level largely. In this report, the focus will be on market penetration strategy of Dick Smith Foods to enter in the Vietnam market. Market Analysis Size of the market and growth rates: As per the article by Piercy (2014), analysis of market size and potential growth rate of the market is critical at the time of introducing any product in the market. It has been assessed that Vietnam is facing increase demand in the packaged cheese foods. Furthermore, consumers of Vietnam are also becoming very conscious regarding the quality of the provided food products. As a result, it is providing organizations the opportunity to implement effective penetration technique in order to gain competitive advantage in the market. As mentioned by Spann, Fischer Tellis (2014) Vietnams packaged cheese product market has increased by 8% over the past few years. Therefore, it also providing Dick Smith Foods bigger market share to gain expected level of revenue. Population: As per the article by Kapferer (2012), the liberalization of the market have helped Vietnam to emerge as one of the fastest growing economies in the Asian region. The countrys GDP growth rate has been assessed 7.8% in the last decade. For that reason, Vietnamese population has been able to experience strength economic growth. For that reason, it is providing Dick Smith Foods the opportunity consider the entire population so that it can able to fulfill all the requirement of entering in the new market. Market Barriers and Market Drivers: As per the article by Foxall (2014) market barriers and drivers is another crucial factor that can make significant amount of impact on the new market development strategies of the organization. In order to penetrate Vietnam market, Dick Smith Food will have to consider government rules and regulations at the time of importing products in the market. Furthermore, the organization also has to consider the local taste and preferences in order to get close to its potential customers. On the other hand, per capita income of Vietnam people is increasing in a consistent manner. Therefore, it will help the company to establish its packaged cheese products effectively in the market. Organizational Analysis Customer Behavior: Dick Smith Foods deals in packaged cheese products industry. Therefore, the organization has to target children and household customers in order to gain fare share of the market. It has been assessed that the customers in Vietnam is more focusing towards the quality of the product. For that reason, Dick Smith Foods will have to ensure that the quality of the product has able to meet the satisfaction level of the customers. Furthermore, customers buying behavior heavily depended on the pricing structure of the organization. Therefore, Dick Smith Foods also will have to impose the pricing structure in such a way so that it can influence the people to spend for buying their product. 4Ps of marketing: Product Dick Smith Foods primarily deals in providing packaged cheese products. The company has able to gain popularity in the Australian market due to its exceptional quality. Furthermore, the company is continuously trying to develop new products in order to maintain its position in the market. Price The organization is focusing on implementing low pricing structure so that it can able to grab the attention of the new customers. Furthermore, the company is looking to initiate different seasonal offers so that people can able to recognize the products in a much more effective way. Place As per the article by Schmidt, Spann Zeithammer (2014) Vietnam does not have too much competition in the packaged cheese products as compared to any other economy. Therefore, it can be regarded as an ideal place to initiate market penetration strategy at the time of introducing new products in the market. Promotion In present business environment, promotion has become an integral part of the organization. Since, it helps to get close to the organization customers. Dick Smith Foods also will have to utilize unique strategy like direct marketing, social media marketing in order to impose its products in an effective way. Table 1: 4Ps of marketing (Source: Ryan, 2014) Competitor Analysis: As per the article by Berthon et al. (2012) organizations have to implement a systematic procedure in order to analyze all the competitors effectively. Therefore, Dick Smith Foods also have to implement systematic procedure in order to counter the strategies of its competitors. In Vietnam, Vinamilk is the largest packaged dairy product supplier. Therefore, Dick Smith Foods will have to impose its packaged cheese products in such a way so that it can able to gain fare share of the market. Figure 1: Competitors analysis (Source: West, Ford Ibrahim, 2015) Competitor Advantage of your Product: As Dick Smith Foods in planning to impose its product in the new market, it will have to include certain additional benefits in the product. For instance, Dick Smith Foods offers different size package for cheese products. Therefore, it will allow consumers to select any size according to their convenience. Furthermore, the company is focusing on offering different types of cheese products like pennant cheese, butter cheese so that customers can have more options to select a particular product from the market. In addition, Dick Smith Foods is also trying to utilize low pricing structure so that people does not have to face too many difficulties at the time of introducing the packaged cheese product in the market. Positioning Map of Competitors: As per the article by McDONALD (2016) positioning of the product is very important for gaining success in the market. Particularly, in order to impose a new product in the market successfully, positioning play a critical role. Thus, promotional campaign of Dick Smith Foods will have to be imposing in such a way so that it can able to grab the attention of the customers. Furthermore, positioning of packaged cheese product will have to be imposed in such a way so that customers can able to recognize it in the market effectively. Macro environment Porter five forces model: As per the article by Proctor (2014) Porter five forces help organizations to analyze the market situation in an effective way. The Porter analysis is analyzed as follows: Thereat from new entry: In Vietnam, developing new businesses have to go through several rules and regulations. Therefore, majority of the new businesses have faced lot of difficulties in order to place itself in an appropriate manner. Therefore, market entry rate is relatively low in the market. For that reason, it will be easier for Dick Smith Foods to penetrate in the market in an appropriate manner. Threat of substitutes: In present time, food industry has to face immense threat of industry competition. Furthermore, every organization is looking to introduce new product in order to sustain its position in the market. Therefore, different types of dairy product have came up in the market in recent time. For that reason, organizations have to face threat of substitute. Supplier power: In order to impose a product in the new economy, suppliers have to face a critical role. For that reason, suppliers possess huge amount of power that can affect the business strategies of the organization. Buyer power: As per the article by Turnbull Valla (2013), buyers do not possess too much power that can actually affect the business strategy of the organization. Furthermore, as the companies do not have to face challenges of new entrants, it can implement its business strategy in a much more effective way. Competitive rivalry: Competition in the packaged cheese product is intense in the world market. Therefore, all the companies are trying to expand its business to capture as much market as possible. As a result, Dick Smith Foods have to face lot of challenges at the time of introducing its product in the market. Figure 2: Porter five forces (Source: Majaro, 2013) Value Chain: As per the article by Kanagal (2013) value chain analysis helps organizations to utilize its internal activities in a much more effective way. Now, Dick Smith Foods also have to focus on several factors like infrastructure, procurement, human resource so that it can able to fulfill all the requirements of the organization. As the company is looking to introduce packaged cheese product in the Vietnam market, it will also have to focus on the cost effective logistic operation. Dick Smith Foods also have to focus on the quality of raw materials and after-sale services to develop an effective value chain for the organization. Figure 3: Value chain analysis (Source: Vilim Botterud, 2014) BCG Matrix: High Low High Star Vietnam is among one of the fewer Asian countries that is yet to be explored in a massive way. Therefore, it actually represents huge amount of opportunity for the organizations to penetrate effectively in the market. Furthermore, lesser amount of competition will also provide more opportunity for the organization. Thus, it represents higher possibility to gain success in the market. Question mark It has been assessed that many packaged food product organization has fail to increase its revenue level in the market. Now, as the competition level is comparatively low, it is expected that companies will able to have consistent growth in its revenue level. Thus, it actually creating question mark regarding the marketing strategies of the organization. Low Cash Cow In past few years, Vietnam has faced drastic change in the packaged dairy product industry. Due to liberalization, companies are presently facing more competition to sustain its position in the market. For that reason, it actually can cause challenges for Dick Smith Foods to penetrate successfully in the Vietnam market. Dog Several companies have failed considerably to handle the newly developed challenges of Vietnam market. As a result, many organizations has face drop in the revenue level. Thus, Smith Dick Foods also have to implement its market penetration plan in such a way so that it can actually able to fulfill the requirements of the customer in an effective way. Table 2: BCG Matrix (Source: Basu, 2014) SWOT Analysis: Strengths Weaknesses Dick Smith Foods is a popular name in the Australian market. Therefore, it will help the organization to grab the attention of the Vietnam people in a much more effective way. The company has able to develop a strong relationship with its customers and suppliers. For that reason, it can be expected that the company will able to fulfill requirements of the Vietnam market in an appropriate manner. Dick Smith Foods is trying to impose its package cheese product in a completely new market. Therefore, it has to face the challenges to new market. The company also has to invest huge amount to maintain the quality of the products. Opportunities Threats As mentioned earlier, Vietnam is among the few country that is yet to be imposed in a proper way. Therefore, it represents huge potential market for Dick Smith Foods to enhance its revenue level in an effective way. Due to liberalization, different policies and procedure has been relaxed. This will help Dick Smith Foods to export raw materials in Vietnam economy in an effective way. Competition is increasing in the packaged food product industry. Therefore, it is increasing the risk level for the organization. Different organization is utilizing low pricing strategy. As a result, revenue level is decreasing considerably. Table 3: SWOT Analysis (Source: Vahl, Rther Casarotto Filho, 2013) Conclusion: From the above analysis, it can be assessed that Dick Smith Foods have to consider several factors in order to introduce new product in the Vietnam market. Therefore, the company will have to implement effective marketing strategy in order to maintain its position in the market. Furthermore, the company will also have to focus on the implemented strategies of the competitors so that it can able to counter them effectively. References: Basu, S. (2014). Product market strategies and innovation types: finding the fit!.Strategic Direction,30(3), 28-31. Berthon, P. R., Pitt, L. F., Plangger, K., Shapiro, D. (2012). Marketing meets Web 2.0, social media, and creative consumers: Implications for international marketing strategy.Business horizons,55(3), 261-271. Foxall, G. (2014).Corporate Innovation (RLE Marketing): Marketing and Strategy. Routledge. Kanagal, N. B. (2013). Conceptualization of perceived value pricing in strategic marketing.Journal of Management and Marketing Research,12, 1. Kapferer, J. N. (2012).The new strategic brand management: Advanced insights and strategic thinking. Kogan page publishers. Majaro, S. (2013).International Marketing (RLE International Business): A Strategic Approach to World Markets. Routledge. McDONALD, M. A. L. C. O. L. M. (2016). 5 Strategic marketing planning.The marketing book, 86. Piercy, N. (2014).Export Strategy: Markets and Competition (RLE Marketing). Routledge. Proctor, T. (2014).Strategic marketing: an introduction. Routledge. Ryan, D. (2014).Understanding digital marketing: marketing strategies for engaging the digital generation. Kogan Page Publishers. Schmidt, K. M., Spann, M., Zeithammer, R. (2014). Pay what you want as a marketing strategy in monopolistic and competitive markets.Management Science,61(6), 1217-1236. Spann, M., Fischer, M., Tellis, G. J. (2014). Skimming or penetration? strategic dynamic pricing for new products.Marketing Science,34(2), 235-249. Turnbull, P. W., Valla, J. P. (Eds.). (2013).Strategies for international industrial marketing. Routledge. Vahl, F. P., Rther, R., Casarotto Filho, N. (2013). The influence of distributed generation penetration levels on energy markets.Energy policy,62, 226-235. Vilim, M., Botterud, A. (2014). Wind power bidding in electricity markets with high wind penetration.Applied Energy,118, 141-155. West, D., Ford, J., Ibrahim, E. (2015).Strategic marketing: creating competitive advantage. Oxford University Press.

Essay Samples For Grade - How To Get Good Essay Samples For Your Coursework

Essay Samples For Grade - How To Get Good Essay Samples For Your CourseworkYou can get great essay samples for grade, and other college papers, on the Internet. This is so easy, especially for first time students like you who don't know how to find essays samples for grade.If you're an average reader, it might be hard to understand what a good essay looks like, but there are some tips you should know before you buy these papers. These tips will help you get your essays looked at correctly and improve your grades. Here's how you do it.The first thing you have to do is to find good essay samples for grade that will suit your preferences. There are online sites that sell these papers, but they're not always the best option. The sites might not have your information, and they may not have the perfect type of paper you want. The online sites might have sample papers that are no good.Also, these online sites do not have good customer service. So, how do you find these papers? Easy. You sho uld find a site that offers great customer service.There are sites that provide good customer service and let you write your paper in a way that suits your interests. It will include suggestions for extra information that might be included, and other extras you might find useful. Good customer service helps the essay samples for grade to work well.You can find a great web site for writing essays, even if you are an average reader. Here's what you have to do.These online sites are great. Just make sure you have all your information before you buy an essay sample for grade. Just remember, when you get started with your college education, you should have a good idea of what type of paper you need to write.

Ben Franklin Essays (237 words) - Benjamin Franklin, United States

Ben Franklin Benjamin Franklin was born on January 17, 1706. His parents are named Josiah and Abiah Franklin. He lives with a family of 17 children. He's the youngest out of 10 boys. He lived on Milkstreet in Boston Massachusets. He went to elementry school for two years. He went to work for his brother James a printer in 1718. In 1724-1726, Governor William Keith of Pennsylvania, broke promises and left Benjamin stranded in London. He was a printer for a year and a half before returning to his home. In 1728, Benjamin Franklin sets himself up in the printing business. In 1730 he marries Deborah (Read) Rogers. Benjamin retires his job as a printer devoting his life to scientific reaserch and good works in 1748. In 1752, Franklin and his son William, lead his famous kite experiment. He wrote a letter to his friend about his amazing musical instrument called the armonica. In 1776, Franklin helps Thomas Jefferson write the Declaration of Independence. In 1784, he enevnted glasses commenting that it h elps him hear'' better because he can now see the food on his plate and see the peoples' mouths open when they speak French. In 1785, he signs the treaty, then goes back to Philadalphia. When he was 81, he went to the Constitutional Convention and made important contributions. On the night of April 17, 1790, he dies when he was 84 in Philadalphia. Bibliography n/a Biographies

Free Essays on Jerry Lee Lewis

Jerry Lee Lewis â€Å"Jerry Lee Lewis was known as a rebellious, rowdy piano player that would pound the keys and shock audiences. Nobody ever saw behavior like his in the 50's. He was the first to perform on stage and then set his piano on fire.† Jerry Lee was born on September 29th, 1935 at Turtle Lake on The Calhoun Plantation. He grew up on his parent's farm in the small town Ferriday, Louisiana. Jerry Lee is the second son to Elmo and Mary Ethel (Mamie) Lewis. His older brother, Elmo Jr., died when Jerry Lee was four years old. He has two sisters, Linda Gail and Frankie Jean, who also are musically talented. Jerry Lee ´s parents were both people of strong religion and musical backgrounds. Jerry ´s father actually signed with Sun Records in the fifties, although that was said to probably be Sam Phillips` last desperate attempt to keep Jerry Lee with his record company. His Mother Mamie was later a backup singer for a gospel song he performed known as â€Å"In Loving Memories†. Both of Jerry Lee`s sisters have recorded in the Sun Studios. Linda still has an ongoing career in the music industry. Frankie Jean runs the Ferriday family museum, and is also a competent singer. Elmo was a farmer, but a wild man who spent time in jail more than once. His corn harvests failed several years in a row, and he found comfort in his collection of Jimmie Rodgers records. Mamie was a gospel fan and a very religious woman. Gospel and country were Jerry Lee ´s basic influences. However he enjoyed rock and roll so much that he incorporated it into his own music. It was at his aunt ´s home that he first started to develop his own style. Not only him, but also his well-known cousins Jimmy Lee Swaggart and Mickey Gilley. His Father Elmo and mother Mamie quickly realized that Jerry Lee could be really good on the piano, so they mortgaged their farm, to buy Jerry Lee his first piano which was a Stark upright. Soon Jerry Lee... Free Essays on Jerry Lee Lewis Free Essays on Jerry Lee Lewis Jerry Lee Lewis â€Å"Jerry Lee Lewis was known as a rebellious, rowdy piano player that would pound the keys and shock audiences. Nobody ever saw behavior like his in the 50's. He was the first to perform on stage and then set his piano on fire.† Jerry Lee was born on September 29th, 1935 at Turtle Lake on The Calhoun Plantation. He grew up on his parent's farm in the small town Ferriday, Louisiana. Jerry Lee is the second son to Elmo and Mary Ethel (Mamie) Lewis. His older brother, Elmo Jr., died when Jerry Lee was four years old. He has two sisters, Linda Gail and Frankie Jean, who also are musically talented. Jerry Lee ´s parents were both people of strong religion and musical backgrounds. Jerry ´s father actually signed with Sun Records in the fifties, although that was said to probably be Sam Phillips` last desperate attempt to keep Jerry Lee with his record company. His Mother Mamie was later a backup singer for a gospel song he performed known as â€Å"In Loving Memories†. Both of Jerry Lee`s sisters have recorded in the Sun Studios. Linda still has an ongoing career in the music industry. Frankie Jean runs the Ferriday family museum, and is also a competent singer. Elmo was a farmer, but a wild man who spent time in jail more than once. His corn harvests failed several years in a row, and he found comfort in his collection of Jimmie Rodgers records. Mamie was a gospel fan and a very religious woman. Gospel and country were Jerry Lee ´s basic influences. However he enjoyed rock and roll so much that he incorporated it into his own music. It was at his aunt ´s home that he first started to develop his own style. Not only him, but also his well-known cousins Jimmy Lee Swaggart and Mickey Gilley. His Father Elmo and mother Mamie quickly realized that Jerry Lee could be really good on the piano, so they mortgaged their farm, to buy Jerry Lee his first piano which was a Stark upright. Soon Jerry Lee...

Practicum Journal 1 Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Practicum Journal 1 - Term Paper Example Be sure to delete any blank pages that appear between the weekly entries. Note: This document will serve as a cumulative journal. For each submission, you will add to the document so it contains all of your journal entries. Using no fewer than three peer-reviewed sources, analyze what you have observed within the context of your specialty using appropriate concepts, principles, and theories, giving special attention to observed events that vary from scholarly literature. (30 points) Explain how the problem, situation, or issue was handled in a manner that is consistent and a manner that is inconsistent with the theory, concepts, and principles detailed in the evidence. (30 points) There was a situation during my practicum experience where a day shift nurse was running over at 7.30 pm consequent to a patient experiencing a seizure 30 minutes prior. The day shift nurse could therefore not hand off all her patients as she was behind schedule. When the nurse supervisor was called, the night nurse stated that the situation would cause her to start her shift late and that it was unfair to her. According to Berkenstadt et al. (2008, p.159), the outgoing nurse must inform incoming nurse in regards to "Patient status and care, treatment and service, and any recent or anticipated changes in the condition of the patient". Conversely, bedside shift reports have become the conventional technique of handing off as it increases levels of patient satisfaction (Wakefield, Ragan, Brandt, and Tregnago, 2012). The fact that the night shift complained of unfairness is proof that she was not inclined towards bedside report hand off as an option as dictated by scholarly literature. A research aimed at establishing effective ways for hand offs cited by Philibert (2009, p.261) showed that "Frequent and time-constrained hand offs may frustrate the aims of the duty hour limits". This finding validates the night shift nurses concern that her shift would be affected. In terms of

World Paper Company - Finance Case 18 Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

World Paper Company - Finance 18 - Case Study Example The initial outlay cash flow is the total cost of the investment which is set at $18 million. The initial outlay consists of investment capital, net working costs, set up and transport cost, and training costs. After-tax salvage value of the old assets is subtracted from the initial outlay when making replacement decision (Tham & Pareja, 2004). The annual after-tax cash flows (ATCF) refer to the incremental after-tax cash flows that are expected from the investment. The company’s ATCF cash flows can either fall into these four categories: Tax savings resulting from depreciation (set at 40 percent), incremental income (positive cash flow) (set at 10 percent), incremental expenses (negative cash flow) or savings (positive cash flow), and lost cash flows (negative cash flow) resulting from the existing project activities (set at 15 percent) (Tham & Pareja, 2004). In investment scenario, lost cash flow is an opportunity cost. Terminal cash flow is the cash flows that are extra ordinary at the end of the project’s life. In the case study, it components will include shut-down costs, estimated salvage value (is set at zero), and recovery of the improved net working capital (is set at 10 percent of the recoverable capital). Reasons: (1) Worldwide Plant Company has not changed its WACC in 10 years. (2) The company has a policy to utilize its corporate Cost of Capital to analyze investment opportunities (Tham & Pareja, 2004). The Company should invest in the new longwood Woodyard. This is because the outlay capital ($18 million) and the incremental investment in working capital over the next 6 years will be of significant benefit to the

Developing a Compensator using Cerrobend Materials

Developing a Compensator using Cerrobend Materials ABSTRACT In external beam radiotherapy (EBRT), dose optimization is achieved by conforming the dose distribution to the shape of the intended target whilst minimizing radiation to normal tissues in close proximity to the target. This is achieved by modulating the intensities of the radiation across the radiation portals forming the irradiation geometry used for the treatment. Compensators may be used to achieve the above effect and can be used to approximate the fluence map by appropriate linear attenuation coefficient of individual beamlets making up the original open beam fluence. This may be done with a treatment planning system (TPS) with inverse planning capabilities or with a bolus placed on the surface of the patient at the beam entrance point. This work describe the procedures for designing, constructing and dosimetric considerations of cerrobend compensator for high energy photon beams, using the bolus option on the surface of the phantom planned with Prowess Panther TPS. Also correc tion factors that account with effects of field size, treatment depth and changes in thickness ratio because of using bolus were introduced. The cerrobend compensator was adjusted to account for beam divergence and reduction in dose contributed by scattered radiation. The correction factors were applied to the thickness ratio for determination of appropriate thickness of cerrobend that mimic bolus. The measurements were done in Theratron Equinox 100 cobalt-60 teletherapy unit using Cerrobend slabs constructed to account for divergence of the beam for the maximum field size considered in this research (3030 cm2). The narrow and broad beam linear attenuation coefficient for cerrobend were determined using simple attenuation model, varying the field size from 44 cm2 to 3030 cm2 field sizes in air, and also varying the thickness of cerrobend from 0.5cm to 4.6cm. The value found was 0.4574cm-1 and also the field size dependence of linear attenuation coefficient were investigated. The sca tter produced by cerrobend was accessed and evaluated. The scatter-to-primary ratio dose contribution was found to be negligible for small field size as reported by Dimitriadis (2002), and can cause error in the final dose calculation up to 13.3% for 3030 cm2 and 4.09 cm thickness of cerrobend. The cerrobend compensator was successful designed and constructed. The dosimetric accuracy for constructed cerrobend compensator was found to be deviating with that predicted with Prowess Panther Treatment Planning System with percentage error ranging from 0.365 to 25%, which is associated with limitations in producing precise thickness of cerrobend with the same accuracy of that generated by the equation 3.04 and limitations in generating flat surface topography and also the presence of air bubble in the cerrobend compensator which was not investigated in thiswork. CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND Cancer is a significant health care problem. On average about half of all cancer patients are treated with radiation therapy worldwide (IAEA, 2004). Radiotherapy, also referred to as radiation therapy, radiation oncology or therapeutic radiology is one of the three modalities used to treat malignant disease (cancer) the other two being chemotherapy and surgery (Suntharalingamn et al, 2005). Radiotherapy uses ionizing radiation to eradicate cancerous cells with the least possible damage to normal tissues. The first therapeutic use of ionizing radiation was demonstrated in 1897 by Wilhelm Alexander Freud, a German surgeon before Vienna Medical Society when he demonstrated the disappearance of a hairy mole following treatment with x-ray (Hall, 2000). The first recorded experiment in radiobiology was also performed by Becquerel when he advertently left a radium container in his vest pocket and subsequently described the skin erythema two weeks later (Hall, 2000). The modalities of radiotherapy are divided into two types, tele-therapy and brachytherapy. Brachytherapy is a method of treatment in which sealed sources are used to deliver radiation at short distances by interstitial, intracavitary or surface application (Khan, 2010). Tele-therapy is a treatment modality in which the source of radiation is at a distance from the patient, also called external beam radiation therapy, it uses photons ranging from kilo voltage to megavoltage photons, and electron beams from linear accelerators or Co-60 tele therapy units. In External Beam Radiation Therapy (EBRT), the methodology of treatment depends on different factors, which may include the shape and size of the tumour to be treated within the patient, sparing of normal tissues within the vicinity of the target from excessive irradiation, financial constraints and the quest of optimization of radiation dose to the target. There are different treatment techniques ranging from 2-D conventional radioth erapy to more advanced Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy (IMRT). IMRT is a treatment planning and delivery technique that can greatly improve the process of conformal radiotherapy which refers to the process of blocking a beam with irregular shaped beam portal so that the dose delivered corresponds more closely to tumour whilst reducing the dose to normal tissue. In developing countries, most of the centrees are restricted to a Co-60 tele therapy unit with basic treatment planning and simulation capabilities. Patients present irregular surface topographies and tissue heterogeneities. According to Chang (2004), a compensator is a traditional tool for modern application and is an alternative IMRT delivery technique. In IMRT, the compensator is used not in the sense of compensating for missing tissue or tissue heterogeneity but as beam intensifier like dynamic wedges and multileaf collimators (MLC). The goal is to achieve dose uniformity throughout the whole target volume and, more importantly to spare critical structures according to the dose and dose volume constraint prescribed by the clinicians for specific patients (Jiango et al, 1998). Therefore, compensators are designed to produce an optimized primary fluency profile at the patient’s surface. This is achieved by modulating the intensities of the radiation across the radiation portals forming the irradiation geometry used for the treatment. There are various methods by which compensators can be made. According to Williams and Thwaites (2000), the three main types are grid-blocking system, contour system and a system using machined compensator. The first compensators made by Ellis et al. (1958) were constructed by stacking aluminum pillars. Another method reported by Lam et al. (1983) describes the construction of compensators from thin sheets of lead. Today compensators are more commonly made from molds filled with molten alloy or wax. Using molds is advantageous since it results in compensators with smoother surfaces and thus greater accuracy. To make a compensator for an IMRT practice, it is required to calculate the effective attenuation coefficient () of its materials, which is affected by various factors as field size, depth, off- axis distance, compensator thickness (Haghparast et al, 2013). A number of elements have been used to form compensators which include tungsten-epoxy mixture (Xu et al, 2002), Lucite (Khan et al, 1970), gypsum (Weeks et al, 1988), tin-wax (Van et al, 1995), tin (Chang et al, 2000), cerrobend (Waltz BJ et al, 1973), steel (Van et al, 1995), aluminum (Ellis et al, 1959), brass (Ellis et al, 1959; Tess, 2014), lead (Leung et al, 1974; Cunnighan et al, 1976; Andrew et al, 1982; Spicka et al, 1988), coper (Tess, 2014). In this study, a cerrobend compensator will be constructed using a simple attenuation model to determine its effective attenuation coefficient. Film and an ionization chamber will be used for dosimetric measurements and for verification of measured dose distribution and compared with those calculated with the PROWESS Panther TPS software at Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital. PROBLEM STATEMENT In external beam radiotherapy (EBRT), dose optimization is achieved by conforming the dose distribution to the shape of the intended target whilst minimizing radiation to normal tissues in close proximity to the target. Most dosimetric measurements are done on flat surface and homogenous medium, however patients surface is highly irregular and internal tissues are heterogeneous. The main aim of radiation therapy is to deliver uniform dose distribution within +7 % and –5 % (ICRU report 50, 1993) of the dose prescription without exceeding the tolerance dose of the critical structure around tumor volume. To achieve this goal, the above irregularities should be corrected. Thus different studies suggested and implemented bolus which is a tissue equivalent material placed at the surface of the patient to compensate the missing tissue. However, this technique doesnt spare the skin beneath the bolus. This is because, the buildup region is in the bolus and Dmax (depth of maximum dose) will be at skin surface. To solve such complications compensators have been introduced by different people on different approaches to correct both surface irregularity and tissue heterogeneity which is now done by using MLC based IMRT. Advanced technological innovations in anatomic and functional imaging modalities (CT, MRI, PET, and US) have led to improved visualization and the delineation of tumour. Radiation treatment planning and delivered techniques have also seen a marked improvement. Intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) provides a high degree of dose conformity to the planning target volume (PTV) and the conformal avoidance of organs at risk. Therefore radiation field is not only geometrically shaped to conform to the outline of the planning target volume at the beams eye view, but is also intensity modulated. The National Centre for Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine of Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital (KBTH) presently uses paraffin wax for construction of a compensator and cerrobend for shielding blocks, but there is a need to implement physical compensator based IMRT using materials which are available in the Centre and is inexpensive. This research will focus on design and construction and dosimetric considerations of cerrobend compensators to modulate the intensities of the radiation across the radiation portals forming the irradiation geometry used for the treatment. OBJECTIVES GENERAL OBJECTIVE The general objective of this work is designing and constructing a compensator using cerrobend materials. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES To clarify the effect of scattered photons generated within the compensator on head scatter factor. To evaluate dosimetric accuracy and dose coverage. To compare and evaluate measured and predicted data. To evaluate the variation of dose distribution by the compensator. SCOPE AND LIMITATION The scope of this thesis is in the area of the IMRT by means of physical compensators specifically using cerrobend which are manually fabricated. In most centres which are practicing IMRT, the construction of the compensator to provide the needed modulation is done by generating a fluency map of the radiation portal needed. This is done with a treatment planning system (TPS) with inverse planning capabilities or with a bolus placed on the surface of the patient at the beam entrance point. The bolus option will be used in this research as currently there is no TPS in the country that can do inverse planning. In this case, the cerrobend compensator will be used to replicate dosimetric effects of the bolus placed on the surface of the patient. According to Jiang et al (1998), the calculation of compensator thickness profile (an optimized primary fluency profile) is straightforward typically using the exponentially attenuation model. With reference to this, the shape of the compensator w ill be adjusted to account for beam divergence and reduction in dose contributed by scattered radiation. Thus the dosimetric considerations is part of the scope of this research. The measurement will be made from a Co-60 tele therapy machine at Korle Bu Teaching Hospital (KBTH). RELEVANCE OF THE PROJECT WORK In radiation oncology, a patient should get the best treatment option as much as possible in order to improve quality of patient care. So the expected results such as correction factors to account for reduction in scatter for using the cerrobend compensator to mimic bolus would have immense contribution to scientific and technical knowledge. From this work, it will be possible to implement IMRT delivering technique at National Centre for Radiotherapy and Nuclear medicine of Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital. The clinical implementation of IMRT technique requires at least two systems (Khan, 2010), which are: treatment planning computer system that can calculate non-uniform fluence maps for multiple beams directed from different directions to maximize dose to target while minimizing dose to critical normal structures. This may be done with a treatment planning system (TPS) with inverse planning capabilities or with a bolus placed on the surface of the patient at the beam entrance point. The s econd one, is a system delivering a non-uniform fluence as planned, so each of these systems must be appropriately tested and commissioned before the actual clinical use. The bolus option will be used in this research as currently there is no TPS in the country that can do inverse planning. The cerrobend compensator will be used to replicate dosimetric effects of the bolus placed on the surface of the patient. Similar research was done using different materials by Teclehaimanot (2014) in which the results were not in the clinically acceptable levels, so with this work we are expecting to reach such clinical levels with deviation less than 5%. Intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) is widely used in clinical applications in developed countries, for the treatment of malignant and non-malignant diseases. This technique uses multiple radiation beams of non-uniform intensities. The beams are modulated to the required intensity maps for delivering highly conformal doses of radiation to the treatment targets, while sparing the adjacent normal tissue structures. This treatment technique has superior dosimetric advantages over 2-dimensional (2D) and conventional 3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT) treatments. It can potentially benefit the patient in three ways. Firstly, by improving conformity with target dose, it can reduce the probability of in-field recurrence. Secondly, by reducing irradiation of normal tissue, it can minimize the degree of morbidity associated with treatment. Finally, by facilitating escalation of dose, it can improve local control (Cheung, 2006). Compensator based IMRT has a lot of advantages over MLC, many literature reported by Taherkhani (2010), report that the penumbra regions created by MLCs are larger than those generated by cerrobend blocks. Compensators provide more consistent dose, impose no limitations on the dose delivery rate, reduce skin surface doses, and because of the high density of the cerrobend allows improved skin sparing with low production rate of secondary electrons (Gray, 1979; Hine, 1951) reported by Shery (1987). It gives continuous intensity modulation, high spatial resolution, gives room to treat large field size, easy quality assurance (QA), shorter treatment time delivery with some drawbacks which are lack of automation (Chang, 2004), but there are some disadvantages like the therapist having to go to the treatment room to change the compensator in multiple fields and production cost, being labor intensive and time consuming. But now these drawbacks have been fixed in many developed countries by introducing a milling machine which is incorporated with the Treatment Planning System (TPS), and an automated compensator-IMRT technique (Javedan et al. 2008). Other main advantage of using cerrobend in this research are: its low melting point of 1580F (700C) which makes it easy to be recycled. It is readily available, inexpensive, high density (9.8g/cm3) and is used as shielding blocks in EBRT where doses are reduced by 95% or 99% of their initial value. As a material for compensation with high energy photons, cerrobend provides several advantages over tissue equivalent material (Shery, 1987). In the past, Cerrobend had not been considered as an excellent compensator material despite its high density. Recently Chang et al (2004) found that there are cerrobend filling techniques that produce smooth and accurate compensators with consistent density. Solidified Cerrobend in the compensator mold becomes one of the top choices of compensator material. And it can be easily shaped to the intended form with uniform density using the technique described by (Chang, 2004). Chang et al (2004) showed that compensator-IMRT technique has several benefits for delivering continuous intensity modulation and have shown that the finer resolution compensator-IMRT technique can also produce dosimetry that is closer to the ideal IMRT treatment (without any delivery limitation) compared with the segmental MLC IMRT technique. From this work the patients treated at the National Centre of Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine will benefit from all the advantages of IMRT techniques mentioned above. Consequently patients will also get a better and inexpensive treatment option.